. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 4.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2019 Apr;17(2):59–69. doi: 10.1007/s11914-019-00506-0

Table 1.

Transporters and enzymes involved in glucose metabolism in developing cartilage

			Protein expression
Process	Protein	Function	Resting	Proliferating	Hypertrophic
Glucose transport	GLUT1	Glucose transport (K_M ~ 3 mM)			+ + (upper)
	GLUT2	Glucose transport (K_M ~ 17 mM)			+ +
	GLUT3	Glucose transport (K_M ~ 1.5 mM)			+ +
	GLUT4	Glucose transport (K_M ~ 6.6 mM) Insulin-responsive			+ +
Glycolysis	LDH	Pyruvate → lactate NAD⁺ → NADH	+	+ +	+ + +
Glycolysis	GAPDH	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate → 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate NAD⁺ → NADH	+	+ +	+ + +
Citric acid cycle	SDH	Succinate → fumarate	+	+ +	+ +
Fatty acid oxidation	HOAD	Involved in converting fatty acids to acetyl-CoA NAD⁺ → NADH	+	+ +	+ + +
Pentose phosphate pathway	G6PD	G6P → 6-phosphogluconolactone NADP⁺ → NADPH	+	+ +	+ + +
Glycogen	GS	Glucose → glycogen		+	+ (upper)
	GSK	Inactivates glycogen synthase	+ (GSKα)	+ (GSKα)	+ (GSKα and β)
	Glycogen phosphorylase	Glycogen → glucose		+	+ (upper)