Table 1.
Summary of the cellular functions of miRNAs in tumorigenesis of TNBC.
| MiRNAs | Expression in TNBC | Mechanism | Biological function in TNBC | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MiR-9 | up | Inhibition of E-cadherin production, activation of β-catenin signaling | Rapid relapse, distant metastasis | (37, 38) |
| MiR-21 | up | targeting mRNA transcripts, enhancing EMT | enhancing migration and invasion, short overall survival |
(39, 40) |
| MiR-122 | up | downregulating PKM gene, reprograms tumor cell glucose consumption | enhancing metastasis | (41) |
| MiR-135b | up | direct regulation of the expression of LATS2 and the Hippo pathway | promote proliferation, invasion and migration | (42) |
| MiR-146a miR-146b‐5p |
up | repress BRCA1 | promote proliferation, low overall survival rates | (43) |
| MiR-155 | up | Inhibits VHL expression and induces angiogenesis | metastasis, poor prognosis | (44) |
| MiR-181 | up | Stimulates activin and TGFβ growth factors | Decreased overall survival | (45) |
| MiR-182 | up | downregulates profilin 1 (PFN1) gene expression | proliferation and invasion | (46) |
| MiR-221 MiR-222 |
up | regulation of uPAR directly isoforms 1,2,3,4 | Metastasis, poor prognosis | (47, 48) |
| MiR-1 | down | Target SLUG, upregulation inhibits MALAT | proliferation, tumor progression, and metastasis | (49) |
| MiR-26 | down | modulates apoptosis and autophagy | positive lymph nodes, poor survival rates | (50) |
| MiR-31 | Down | modulates WAVE3 by short hairpin RNA | distal metastasis | (51) |
| MiR-34 family | Down | regulates SIRT1, p53 activity and NOTCH2 | regulates cell cycle progression, cellular senescence, and apoptosis | (52) |
| MiR-101 | Down | targets MCL-1 expression | Increase tumor sensitivity to paclitaxel | (53) |
| MiR-125 | Down | regulates MAP2K7 and EMT | poor prognosis, resistance to chemotherapy | (54) |
| MiR-136 | Down | modulates EMT | Inhibits invasion, migration, correlated with tumor grade | (55) |
| MiR-145 | down | targets ROCK1, inhibit apoptosis |
progression and metastasis | (56, 57) |
| MiR-195 | down | targets WNT3A expression | chemoresistance to doxorubicin, correlates with advance stage | (58, 59) |
| MiR-199a-5p | down | modulates stem-cell like and EMT | tumor growth and invasiveness | (60) |
| MiR-200 | down | regulation of ZEB1/2 and PRKCA |
invasion and metastasis in TNBC cases with BRCA mutation | (61–66) |
| MiR-203 | down | targets BIRC5 and LASP1 | correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival | (67–69) |
| MiR-205 | down | major regulator of stemness and ZEB1 expression | associated with chemoresistance | (36, 70, 71) |
| MiR-206 | down | targets Connexin 43, targets Coronin 1C |
Proliferation, invasion, metastasis | (72) |
| MiR-638 | down | BRCA1 tumors | correlated with overall survival | (73) |
| MiR-655 | down | Modulates EMT, PRRX1 | correlated with lymph node metastasis | (74) |
| MiR-1296 | down | Modulates Cyclin D1 | Sensitivity to cisplatin | (75) |
| Let-7 | down | Regulation of HMGA2 Modulation of transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 |
Drug sensitivity | (76) |
VHL, von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor; uPAR, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; PRKCA, protein kinase C Alpha; HMGA, high mobility group 2A.