Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and tests of patients according to disease groups
| Characteristic | All patients | Control group | HD group | RT group | CKD group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1210) | (N = 450) | (N = 390) | (N = 81) | (N = 289) | |
| Demographic information | |||||
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Female, n (%) | 551 (45.5) | 204 (45.3) | 189 (48.5) | 33 (40.7) | 125 (43.3) |
| Age (years), median (Q1–Q3) | 61 (48–71) | 51 (38–63) | 64 (55–71) | 48 (38–56) | 71 (63–79) |
| RTT duration, years, median (Q1–Q3) | – | NA | 3.4 (1–6) | 5 (3–9) | NA |
| Coexisting disorder, n/N (%) | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 394/1178 (33.4) | 68/440 (15.5) | 185/383 (48.3) | 20/79 (25.3) | 121/276 (43.8) |
| Hypertension | 745/1187 (62.8) | 132/440 (30) | 302/383 (78.9) | 57/79 (72.2) | 254/285 (89.1) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 341/1134 (30.1) | 40/431 (9.3) | 161/355 (45.4) | 13/76 (17.1) | 127/272 (46.7) |
| Heart failure | 179/1134 (15.8) | 19/436 (4.4) | 89/354 (25.1) | 2/78 (2.6) | 69/266 (25.9) |
| COPD | 156/1143 (13.6) | 44/436 (10.1) | 50/361 (13.9) | 5/77 (6.5) | 57/269 (21.2) |
| Cancer | 60/1149 (5.2) | 20/436 (4.6) | 20/369 (5.4) | 2/77 (2.6) | 18/267 (6.7) |
| Chronic liver disease | 10/1156 (0.9) | 4/437 (0.9) | 5/370 (1.4) | 0/77 (0) | 1/272 (0.4) |
| Smoking, n/N (%) | |||||
| Never smoked | 490/836 (58.6) | 190/301 (63.1) | 152/284 (53.5) | 33/47 (70.2) | 115/204 (56.4) |
| Former smoker | 238/836 (28.5) | 60/301 (19.9) | 96/284 (33.8) | 13/47 (27.7) | 69/204 (33.8) |
| Current smoker | 108/836 (12.9) | 51/301 (16.9) | 36/284 (12.7) | 1/47 (2.1) | 20/204 (9.8) |
| Medicationsa, n/N (%) | |||||
| ACE inhibitors | 199/1082 (18.4) | 43/431 (10) | 72/334 (21.6) | 14/78 (17.9) | 70/239 (29.3) |
| ARBs | 166/1075 (15.4) | 39/431 (9) | 31/329 (9.4) | 12/77 (15.6) | 84/238 (35.3) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 410/1105 (37.1) | 61/432 (14.1) | 162/349 (46.4) | 42/76 (55.3) | 145/248 (58.5) |
| Beta-blockers | 358/1093 (32.8) | 47/433 (10.9) | 162/341 (47.5) | 25/77 (32.5) | 124/242 (51.2) |
| Other antihypertensives | 136/1045 (13) | 28/428 (6.5) | 38/314 (12.1) | 8/76 (10.5) | 62/227 (27.3) |
| Insulin | 233/1089 (21.4) | 23/434 (5.3) | 131/343 (38.2) | 14/76 (18.4) | 65/236 (27.5) |
| Oral antidiabetics | 131/1080 (12.1) | 48/437 (11) | 17/325 (5.2) | 6/76 (7.9) | 60/242 (24.8) |
| Statins | 152/1061 (14.3) | 25/430 (5.8) | 52/327 (15.9) | 7/74 (9.5) | 68/230 (29.6) |
| Antiaggregant or anticoagulants | 448/1099 (40.8) | 70/431 (16.2) | 194/340 (57.1) | 36/75 (48) | 148/253 (58.5) |
| Primary kidney disease, n/N (%) | |||||
| Amyloidosis | 12/653 (1.8) | NA | 9/343 (2.6) | 3/58 (5.2) | 0/250 (0) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 265/653 (40.6) | NA | 163/343 (47.5) | 10/58 (17.2) | 91/250 (36.4) |
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis | 274/653 (42.0) | NA | 122/343 (35.6) | 18/58 (31) | 133/250 (53.2) |
| ADPCKD | 19/653 (2.9) | NA | 13/343 (3.8) | 4/58 (6.9) | 2/250 (0.8) |
| Primary glomerular disease | 40/653 (6.1) | NA | 16/343 (4.7) | 12/58 (20.7) | 12/250 (4.8) |
| Urologic diseases | 24/653 (3.7) | NA | 7/343 (2) | 9/58 (15.5) | 8/250 (3.2) |
| Other | 19/653 (2.9) | NA | 13/343 (3.8) | 2/58 (3.4) | 4/250 (1.6) |
| Laboratory findings, median (Q1–Q3) | |||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.6 (0.9–5.3) | 0.8 (0.7–0.93) | 6.7 (5.2–8.57) | 1.48 (1.1–2.05) | 1.8 (1.41–2.63) |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.61 (3.2–4) | 3.9 (3.59–4.2) | 3.5 (3.04–3.81) | 3.74 (3.3–4) | 3.4 (3–3.8) |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 394 (142–878) | 174 (85–380) | 850 (487–1643) | 316 (135–865) | 316 (140–590) |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.72 ± 2.31 | 13.1 ± 1.87 | 10.4 ± 1.97 | 11.6 ± 2.27 | 11.41 ± 2.19 |
| Lymphocyte count (/mm3) | 1050 (600–1580) | 1305 (890–1860) | 885 (490–1290) | 690 (390–1100) | 1000 (520–1550) |
| Platelet count (×1000/mm3) | 210 (165–270) | 221 (177–266) | 185.5 (149–264) | 198 (164–239) | 227 (176–286) |
| CRP, n/N (%) (> × upper limit) | |||||
| Normal | 194/1210 (16) | 131/450 (29.1) | 32/390 (8.2) | 7/81 (8.6) | 24/289 (8.3) |
| 1–5 | 345/1210 (28.5) | 158/450 (35.1) | 96/390 (24.6) | 18/81 (22.2) | 73/289 (25.3) |
| 5–10 | 193/1210 (16) | 60/450 (13.3) | 65/390 (16.7) | 20/81 (24.7) | 48/289 (16.6) |
| 10–20 | 224/1210 (18.5) | 57/450 (12.7) | 85/390 (21.8) | 18/81 (22.2) | 64/289 (22.1) |
| >20 | 254/1210 (21) | 44/450 (9.8) | 112/390 (28.7) | 18/81 (22.2) | 80/289 (27.7) |
a
HD group: erythropoiesis-stimulating agents 65/354 (18.4%), intravenous iron 54/354 (15.3%), active vitamin D and analogues 52/354 (13.3%), and phosphorus binder 56/354 (15.8%); RT group: corticosteroids 78 (96.3%), tacrolimus 65 (80.2%), cyclosporine-A 7 (8.6%), mycophenolate/mycophenolic acid 67 (82.7%), mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors 8 (9.9%) and azathioprine 6 (7.4%).
ADPCKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin-receptor blockers; NA, not applicable; RRT, renal replacement therapy.