Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and anthropometric characteristics by family history of type 1 diabetes (mother vs father vs sibling)
| Variable | Mother (n = 1046) | Father (n = 722) | Sibling (n = 306) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex, n (%) | 547 (52) | 391 (54) | 156 (51) | NS |
| Birth ordera | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | <0.001 |
| Birthweight, kg | 3.65 ± 0.60 | 3.56 ± 0.49 | 3.57 ± 0.49 | 0.004 |
| Birth length, cm | 50.9 ± 3.0 | 51.0 ± 2.4 | 51.6 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Weight at 24 months, cm | 12.8 ± 1.6 | 12.9 ± 1.4 | 12.9 ± 1.7 | 0.627 |
| Weight at 24 months, z score | 0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 1.0 | 0.2 ± 1.2 | 0.346 |
| BMI at 24 months, z score | 0.08 ± 1.15 | −0.03 ± 1.04 | −0.15 ± 1.17 | 0.054 |
| Height velocity at 24 months, cm/year | 18.3 ± 2.0 | 18.5 ± 1.9 | 18.2 ± 1.8 | 0.053 |
| Height velocity at 24 months, z score | −0.04 ± 0.66 | 0.00 ± 0.61 | −0.011 ± 0.56 | 0.041 |
| bHLA risk type, n (%) | 0.017 | |||
| HLA risk 1 | 229 (22) | 171 (24) | 95 (31) | |
| HLA risk 2 | 456 (44) | 336 (47) | 117 (38) | |
| HLA risk 3 | 350 (34) | 210 (29) | 92 (30) | |
| HLA risk 4 | 11 (1) | 5 (1) | 2 (1) | |
| Length of exclusive breastfeeding, months | 0.7 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 2.2 | 2.3 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Caesarean section, n (%) | 642 (61.4) | 183 (25.3) | 74 (24.2) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age, weeks | 37.8 ± 1.3 | 39.8 ± 1.4 | 39.4 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Autoantibodies, n (%) | ||||
| Multiple | 107 (10) | 114 (16) | 56 (18) | <0.001 |
| IAA | 139 (13) | 110 (15) | 70 (23) | <0.001 |
| GADA | 154 (15) | 126 (18) | 66 (22) | 0.015 |
| IA-2A | 72 (7) | 85 (12) | 39 (13) | <0.001 |
| ZnT8A | 65 (6) | 75 (10) | 31 (10) | 0.003 |
| ICA | 337 (32) | 270 (37) | 117 (38) | 0.034 |
| Type 1 diabetes, n (%) | 59 (6) | 60 (8) | 38 (12) | <0.001 |
| Follow-up time, years | 9.1 ± 4.3 | 9.4 ± 4.0 | 8.7 ± 4.3 | 0.032 |
Values are expressed as mean±SD or n (%)
aValues are expressed as median (IQR)
bHLA risk 1, HLA-DQB1*02/DQB1*03:02; HLA risk 2, HLA-DQB1*03:02/x (x not DQB1*02, DQB1*03:01 or DQB1*06:02); HLA risk 3, HLA-DQA1*05-DQB1*02/y (y not DQA1*02:01-DQB1*02, DQB1*03:01, DQB1*06:02 or DQB1*06:03); HLA risk 4, HLA-DQA1*03-DQB1*02/y (y not DQA1*02:01-DQB1*02, DQB1*03:01, DQB1*06:02 or DQB1*06:03)