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. 2020 Dec 1;71(702):e39–e46. doi: 10.3399/bjgp20X713897

Box 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria

  • Original research

  • UK study

  • Focused on assessing the relationship between multimorbidity and healthcare costs/utilisation as stated in the title or the study goal in the abstract

  • Published after 2004a

  • Non-human research

  • Descriptive cost-of-illness or economic burden studies, literature reviews, or meta-analyses (unless meets inclusion criteria),b cost-effectiveness studies, or study protocols

  • Study population is limited to a single condition, or a single condition with a procedure, risk factor, or complication of the single condition
a

The 2004 threshold corresponds to the year when the Quality and Outcomes Framework was implemented and the NHS began the deployment of improved computerised applications for clinical records and diagnoses.

b

In this case, references were searched for additional primary studies.