Table 2.
NPs investigated for precision medicine as a therapeutic or diagnostic device
| NP type | Primary design advancements | Therapeutic cargo or target for detection | Indication or application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Therapies | |||
| LNPs | Charge | mRNA | Immunotherapies for cancer or autoimmune diseases227 |
| Responsivity | Small molecule, photothermal agent | Metastatic breast cancer66 | |
| mRNA | Retinal disorders25; melanoma, human papillomavirus E7 (ref.174); anaemic disorders175; acute lymphoblastic leukaemia258 | ||
| Cyclic dinucleotide | Lung metastasis of melanoma and breast cancer248 | ||
| Responsivity and charge | mRNA, protein | Diseases of the lung and spleen12 | |
| Surface modification | siRNA | Pulmonary diseases176 | |
| Surface modification and responsivity | pDNA | Osteoporosis24 | |
| Surface modification and charge | siRNA | Hepatocellular carcinoma99 | |
| Polymer NPs | Shape | NA; observed distribution | Neurological diseases with inflammation91; cervical cancer163 |
| Responsivity | Small molecule | Non-small cell lung cancer212; lung carcinoma219 | |
| Protein | Diabetes35,38 | ||
| Protein, small molecule | Breast cancer208; immunotherapies for cancer180 | ||
| Protein, gRNA | Monogenetic diseases of the eye173 | ||
| Protein, ssDNA | Vaccination (influenza A H1N1, vaccinia)32 | ||
| Anti-sense RNA | Mitochondrial disorders183 | ||
| siRNA | Pancreatic adenocarcinomas33; glioblastoma200 | ||
| siRNA, small molecule | Cancer181 | ||
| Cyclic dinucleotide | Metastatic melanoma40 | ||
| Surface modification | Small molecule | Head and neck cancer196; TNBC49; systemic lupus erythematosus263; myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury27; breast cancer34 | |
| mRNA | Ovarian cancer, melanoma, glioblastoma238; liver disease100 | ||
| mRNA, DNA | Cystic fibrosis283 | ||
| Dyes | Glioblastoma154 | ||
| NA; observed distribution | Osteoarthritis26; nuclear delivery41 | ||
| Surface modification and responsivity | Small molecule | Ovarian cancer123; breast cancer198; hepatocellular carcinoma147; cancer84 | |
| Small molecule, peptide, protein | Colorectal cancer11 | ||
| siRNA, pDNA | Hepatocellular carcinoma54 | ||
| Antibody, miRNA | Colorectal cancer126 | ||
| Antibody, photosensitizer | Metastatic breast cancer205 | ||
| Inorganic NPs | Responsivity | Small molecule, imaging agent | Breast cancer203 |
| Neoantigen, adjuvant, photosensitizer | Colon carcinoma, melanoma55 | ||
| Surface modification | Photosensitizer | Oral squamous cell carcinoma102 | |
| siRNA | Breast cancer122 | ||
| miRNA | TNBC201 | ||
| NA; observed distribution | Neurological disorders130, glioblastoma156 | ||
| Surface modification and responsivity | Protein, antibody | Mitochondrial dysfunctions182 | |
| Small molecule | TNBC239 | ||
| Surface modification and size | NPs for magnetic hyperthermia | Breast cancer125 | |
| Surface modification and shape | Small molecule | Non-small cell lung carcinoma165 | |
| Diagnostics | |||
| LNPs | Surface modification | 64Cu and small molecule; to detect cells | Metastatic breast cancer152 |
| Polymer NPs | Surface modification | Fluorescent dyes or 64Cu; to detect cells | Epidermoid cancer121 |
| Inorganic NPs | Charge | To detect circulating tumour cells | Colorectal cancer292 |
| Surface modification | β-Amyloid peptide | Alzheimer disease57 | |
| Heat shock protein | Tuberculosis293 | ||
| Blood iron level | Anaemia294 | ||
| Thrombin | Cancer64 | ||
gRNA, guide RNA; LNP, lipid nanoparticle; miRNA, micro-RNA; NA, not applicable; NP, nanoparticle; pDNA, plasmid DNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA; ssDNA, single-stranded DNA; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer.