Table 5. Multiple logistic regression on factors associated with suspected postpartum depression.

Variables		OR (95% CI)	P value	AORa (95% CI)	P value
Education
	High school or lower	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Diploma/bachelor or higher	0.58 (0.38–0.87)	0.009	0.91 (0.45–1.85)	0.800
Occupation
	Housewife	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Government employee	0.49 (0.27–0.88)	0.017	0.66 (0.30–1.47)	0.310
	Private company or NGO	0.45 (0.24–0.85)	0.014	0.68 (0.30–1.57)	0.368
	Othersb	1.09 (0.65–1.81)	0.748	1.45 (0.79–2.64)	0.230
Parity
	1	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	≥2	1.54 (1.02–2.31)	0.040	1.57 (0.97–2.51)	0.064
Intended pregnancy
	Yes	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	No	1.83 (1.18–2.84)	0.007	1.66 (1.00–2.73)	0.049
Delivery place
	Health facility	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Othersc	8.82 (0.98–79.66)	0.053	5.09 (0.48–53.51)	0.176
Satisfaction with childbirth
	Satisfied	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Not satisfied	2.26 (1.33–3.84)	0.003	1.85 (1.00–3.43)	0.049
Partner’s education
	High school or lower	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Diploma/bachelor or higher	0.54 (0.36–0.83)	0.004	0.95 (0.46–1.98)	0.898
Partner’s occupation
	Unemployed	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Government employee	0.37 (0.07–1.93)	0.239	0.89 (0.13–6.26)	0.902
	Private company or NGO	0.36 (0.07–1.86)	0.221	0.67 (0.10–4.66)	0.688
	Othersd	0.65 (0.13–3.32)	0.604	0.89 (0.14–5.78)	0.906
Relationship with partner
	Good	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Not good	3.14 (1.85–5.34)	<0.001	1.88 (0.99–3.56)	0.053
Relationship with mother
	Good	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Not good/passed away	1.95 (1.05–3.63)	0.035	1.54 (0.74–3.21)	0.248
Relationship with mother-in-law
	Good	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Not good/passed away	2.06 (1.28–3.30)	0.003	1.06 (0.59–1.90)	0.855
Depression before pregnancy
	No	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Yes	2.18 (1.37–3.47)	0.001	1.31 (0.75–2.27)	0.347
Depression during pregnancy
	No	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Yes	4.16 (2.63–6.56)	<0.001	3.99 (2.35–6.77)	<0.001
Partner’s depression
	No	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
	Yes	2.77 (1.44–5.31)	0.002	2.06 (0.96–4.43)	0.064

Abbreviations: OR, odd ratio; AOR, adjusted odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; NGO, non-government organization.

Hosmer and Lemeshow = 4.301, -2 Log likelihood = 445,095, and R² = 0.183.

^aAdjusted for all variables listed in the table.

^bOthers include businesswoman, merchant, labor worker, and military.

^cOthers include home, car, and other places outside health facilities.

^dOthers include businessman, merchant, labor worker, and military.