Table 2.
Xanthone content in the methanol and aqueous extracts of different parts of Garcinia mangostana.
| Sample | Content of bioactive xanthones (n = 3) (mg/g) |
Relative distributionc |
|||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yield (%) | Mangostanol (1) |
3-Isomangostin(2) |
Garcinone C (3) |
γ-Mangostin (4) |
8-Deoxygartanin (5) |
α -mangostin (6) |
Total |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||||||
| Extracta | RWb | Extracta | RWb | Extracta | RWb | Extracta | RWb | Extracta | RWb | Extracta | RWb | Extracta | RWb | ||||||||
| Methanol extract | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Pericarp | 35.6 | 8.6 ± 0.4 | 3.1 | 10.4 ± 0.6 | 3.7 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.2 | 57.0 ± 12.7 | 20.2 | 11.5 ± 0.6 | 4.1 | 403.9 ± 13.1 | 143.7 | 521.2 | 185.5 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.06 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 38.6 |
| Calyx | 38.2 | 35.3 ± 2.6 | 13.5 | 7.7 ± 0.3 | 2.9 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.2 | 37.2 ± 1.9 | 14.2 | 13.2 ± 1.2 | 5.0 | 221.0 ± 11.2 | 84.0 | 311.5 | 118.9 | 4.5 | 1 | 0.08 | 4.7 | 1.7 | 28.5 |
| Aril | 10.8 | ND | ND | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.004 ± 0.0 | 0.4 (μg/g) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.01 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.13 | 5.4 | 0.6 | ND | 1 | ND | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.4 |
| Stalk | 21.7 | 46.9 ± 1.3 | 10.2 | 11.5 ± 0.3 | 2.5 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 | 19.5 ± 0.4 | 4.2 | 56.9 ± 1.7 | 12.3 | 73.0 | 15.8 | 4.0 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 4.9 |
| Leaves | 19.5 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.04 | 3.7±.0.3 | 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.2 | 1.1 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 0.5 | 16.6 | 3.2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.6 |
| Bark | 7.5 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 0.4 | 10.0 ± 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 7.5 (μg/g) | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 0.2 | 15.6 ± 0.6 | 1.2 | 209.7 ± 16.9 | 15.7 | 242.3 | 18.2 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 20.9 |
| Stem | 14.8 | 8.7 ± 0.1 | 1.3 | 6.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 | 0..1 ± 0.0 | 0.02 | 2.1 ± 0.01 | 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 0.9 | 47.6 ± 5.4 | 7.0 | 71.5 | 10.6 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 6.9 |
| Aqueous extract | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Pericarp | 8.6 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 5.2 (μg/g) | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 8.6 (μg/g) | 0.4 ± 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 8.6 (μg/g) | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 0.2 | 6.5 | 0.6 | ND | 1 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.6 |
| Calyx | 18.2 | ND | ND | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 0.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.004 ± 0.0 | 0.73 (μg/g) | ND | ND | 2.9 | 0.5 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Aril | 0.8 | ND | ND | 2.9 ± 0.0 | 0.02 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 0.08 (μg/g) | ND | ND | 2.9 | 0.002 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Stalk | 13.7 | ND | ND | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 0.4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 1.37 (μg/g) | ND | ND | 2.9 | 0.4 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Leaves | 1.8 | ND | ND | 2.9 ± 0.0 | 0.05 | ND | ND | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.0 | 0.72 (μg/g) | ND | ND | 4.3 | 0.08 | ND | 1 | ND | 0.4 | 0.02 | ND |
| Bark | 3.8 | ND | ND | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 | ND | ND | 0.01 ± 0.0 | 0.38 (μg/g) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 7.6 (μg/g) | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 0.06 | 7.3 | 0.3 | ND | 1 | ND | ND | 0.04 | 0.3 |
| Stem | 1.9 | ND | ND | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 | ND | ND | 0.03 ± 0.0 | 0.57 (μg/g) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 3.8 (μg/g) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.02 | 4.8 | 0.009 | ND | 1 | ND | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.3 |
ND: Not determined because the level was below quantification limit. Numbers label: (1) mangostanol; (2) 3-isomangostin; (3) garcinone C; (4) γ-mangostin; (5) 8-deoxygartanin; (6) α-mangostin.
a‘Extract’ means the content of the compounds in the extract, e.g., 8.6 mg of mangostanol is present in each g of methanol extract of pericarp.
b'RW’ means the content of the compounds in the dry powdered raw material, e.g., 3.1 mg of mangostanol is present in each g of dry powdered pericarp raw material.
cThe relative distribution indicates the ratio of the compounds relative to 3-isomangostin. The idea of relative distribution is to indicate the magnitude of the ratio between two compounds, e.g., in methanol extract of pericarp, there is 38.6 times more α-mangostin, 5.4 times more γ-mangostin and 1.1 times more 8-deoxygartanin than 3-isomangostin.