Table 5.

Parameters used in the single-compartment Monte Carlo box model to estimate indoor ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ concentrations related to boiling water with biomass fuels.

Parameter	Category	Unit	Mean	Min	Max	COV
AERa	—	${\mathrm{h}}^{–1}$	18.1	3	60	0.5
Kitchen volumeb	—	${\mathrm{m}}^3$	32.3	12	61.2	0.5
Emissions entering room	—	—	1	1	1	—
Cooking energy required	—	MJ-delivered	0.46	0.11	1.1	0.7
Stove power	—	${\text{KJ}\mathrm{s}}^{–1}$	—	—	—	—
Thermal efficiencyc	Wood (log)	%	18	—	—	0.3
	Wood (twigs)	%	14	—	—	0.1
	Crop residues	%	16	—	—	0.3
PM emission factorc	Wood (log)	${\mathrm{g}\mathrm{kg}}^{–1}$	1.8	—	—	0.7
	Wood (twigs)	${\mathrm{g}\mathrm{kg}}^{–1}$	2.6	—	—	0.3
	Crop residues	${\mathrm{g}\mathrm{kg}}^{–1}$	5.6	—	—	0.6
Fuel energy contentc	Wood (log)	${\mathrm{g}\mathrm{MJ}}^{–1}$	18	—	—	0.1
	Wood (twigs)	${\mathrm{g}\mathrm{MJ}}^{–1}$	17	—	—	0.1
	Crop residues	${\mathrm{g}\mathrm{MJ}}^{–1}$	16	—	—	0.1

Note: Default values used as described by Johnson et al. (2011). —, not applicable; AER, air exchange rate; COV, coefficient of variation (the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean); max, maximum; min, minimum; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter $\le 2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$ in aerodynamic diameter.

^aCarter et al. (2016).

^bFischer and Koshland (2007).

^cShen (2016).