Table 2.
Dietary sources for micronutrients and bioactive substances with potential effects on coronavirus disease 2019
| Micronutrients and bioactive substances | Food source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Vitamin A | Animal-derived foods (liver, beef, poultry, fish oils); green leafy vegetables (kale, spinach, broccoli); orange and yellow vegetables (carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, squash, tomatoes, red bell pepper); fruits (mango, papaya and melon), and red palm oil | [162], [163], [164], [165] |
| Riboflavin | Milk and dairy products, organ meats, lean meats, eggs, fish, green vegetables, cereals and grain products | [165], [166], [167], [168] |
| Nicotinamide | Meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fish, legumes, cereals and grains | [165,168] |
| Pyridoxine | Meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fish, potatoes and other vegetables, cereals and grain, peanuts and soybeans | [164,165,168] |
| Folate | Vegetables, fruits, legumes, beef, liver and eggs, seafoods | [164,165,169] |
| Vitamin B12 | Dairy products (milk, butter, cheese yogurt), eggs, meat, poultry, meat, liver, fish, fermented vegetables | [163,170] |
| Vitamin C | Fresh fruits (oranges, kiwi, lemon, grapefruit, strawberries) and vegetables (broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, tomatoes, peppers, white potatoes) | [72,163,164] |
| Vitamin D | Sun exposure, cod liver oil, oily fish, sun-exposed mushroom | [163,164,171] |
| Vitamin E | Plant-based oils, sunflower seeds, almonds, peanuts, pumpkin, asparagus, mango, avocado, red bell pepper, wheat germ | [163,164,172] |
| Zinc | Refined diets low in cereal fiber and phytic acid, with adequate protein primarily from meats, fish and dairy products | [162,164] |
| Selenium | Seafood, fish, organ meats, poultry, eggs, dairy products, nuts, beans, lentils, whole-wheat bread | [163], [164], [165] |
| Anthraquinone emodin | Genus Rheum and polygonum | [126] |
| Curcumin extract | Turmeric | [125] |
| Echinacea | Echinacea purpurea (purple coneflower) | [150,151] |
| Garlic extract | Garlic | [173] |
| Ginseng extract | Ginseng | [122] |
| EGCG, ECG, and EGC | Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | [137] |
| Nicotianamine | Soybean | [127] |
| Propolis | Bee products, bee glue | [151,174] |
| Quercetin | Apples, honey, raspberries, onions, red grapes, cherries, tea (Camellia sinensis), citrus fruits, and green leafy vegetables | [175] |
| Resveratrol | Grapes, red wine, peanuts, cocoa, and some berries | [176], [177], [178], [179] |
| Sulforaphane | Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage | [33] |
ECG, epicatechin gallate; EGC, epigallocatechin; EGCG, epigallocatechin-3-gallate.