TABLE 3.

Phenotypic characteristics of inherited cardiomyopathies between human and adult zebrafish models.

Cardiomyopathy type	Hallmarks in human	Similar features in adult zebrafish models	Surrogate features in adult zebrafish models
HCM	(1) Diastolic dysfunction (2) Increased ventricular wall thickness (3) Cardiomyocyte hypercontractility (4) Fetal gene reactivation	(1) Diastolic dysfunction (2) Cardiomyocyte hypercontractility (3) Fetal gene reactivation	(1) Increased ventricular surface area (2) Increased papillary muscle density and ventricle trabeculation (3) Increased cardiomyocyte cell size
DCM	(1) Systolic dysfunction (2) Chamber dilation (3) Cardiomyocyte hypercontractility (4) Fetal gene reactivation	(1) Systolic dysfunction (2) Cardiomyocyte hypercontractility (3) Fetal gene reactivation	(1) Increased ventricular surface area (2) Reduced papillary muscle density (3) Reduced swimming capacity
RCM	(1) Increased myocardium stiffness (2) E/A ratio > 2 (3) Diastolic dysfunction	Not reported yet	Not reported yet
ACM	(1) Ventricular dysfunction and structural alterations (2) Ventricular arrhythmia (3) Fibrofatty infiltration	(1) Heart enlargement (2) Bradycardia	(1) Peripheral edema (2) Marked myocyte action potential remodeling (3) Epicardial fat tissue accumulation

ACM, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; RCM, restrictive cardiomyopathy.