Table 1.
Prevalence of diarrhoea in patients who present in hospital with malaria in a malaria-endemic area.
| References | Origin | Patient(s) | Study Location | Case Control Study? | Patient recruitment | Retrospective/ Prospective | Malaria parasite diagnosis | Definition of diarrhoea | Patients with malaria, n | Patients reporting diarrhoea n, (%) | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Method | Species | |||||||||||
| Olsson and Johnston (30) | Vietnam | Adults, males (soldiers) | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | 2–4 watery stools/day | 21 | 4 (19%) | Data includes exploratory biopsies with pathology |
| Stein and Gelfand (31) | Zimbabwe | Children (52%) and adults, males (51%), and females | Hospital | No | Passive | Retrospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 72 | 22 (30.6%) | – |
| Lepage et al. (32) | Rwanda | Children | Hospital | Yes | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 112 | 36 (32.1%) | Data from febrile, non-bacteraemic P.f. children as “controls,” Group II |
| Müller and Moser (33) | Uganda | Children and adults | Hospital | Yes | Passive | Retrospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 98 | 14 (14.2%) | Data from HIV neg “controls” with diarrhoea >1 month (Tables 3, 6) |
| Ibhanesebhor (34) | Nigeria | Neonates (mean 38 weeks) | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 16 | 4 (25%) | Table 1 |
| Sodeinde et al. (35) | Nigeria | Children | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | 3 or more loose bowel motions in the preceding 24 h | 130 | 17 (13.1%) | Data from cerebral malaria patients at two sites, Table 1 |
| Sheiban (36) | Yemen | Children | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 62 | 12 (19.4%) | Data from deaths and survivors with renal failure |
| Sowunmi et al. (37) | Nigeria | Children and teenagers | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | 4 or more loose or watery stools /day for at least 1 day | 184 | 16 (8.7%) | Data from acute symptomatic infection, mean duration of diarrhoea 1.8 days |
| Hozhabri et al. (38) | Pakistan | Children (median 24 mo) | Clinic | Yes | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 26 | 7 (26.9%) | Table 2 |
| Singh et al. (39) | Malaysia | Children and adults (mean 35 y) | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy and PCR | P. knowlesi | None | 94 | 4 (4.3%) | Data from Kapit Hospital only, Table 2 |
| Khan et al. (40) | Pakistan | Children and adults (median 5 y) | Hospital | Yes | Passive | Retrospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum, P. vivax | None | 21 | 1 (4.7%) | Data from “control” malaria without Typhoid fever, Table 2 |
| Fryauff et al. (41) | Ghana | Children (mean 15 mo) | Community | No | Active | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 193 | 64 (33.2%) | Intervention and longitudinal study |
| Ansari et al. (42) | Pakistan | Teenagers and adults (mean 34 y) | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 370 | 10 (2.7%) | – |
| Rasheed et al. (43) | Pakistan | Children and adults (mean 28 y) | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum, P. vivax, mixed infections | None | 502 | 18 (3.6%) | Data from all Plasmodium spp., Table 1 |
| Nanda et al. (44) | India | Children | Hospital | No | Passive | Retrospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 305 | 26 (8.5%) | Duration of illness, 1–6 days |
| Memon et al. (45) | Pakistan | Children | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum, P. vivax | None | 59 | 1 (1.6%) | – |
| Ketema and Bacha (46) | Ethiopia | Children (median 4 y) | Health Center | No | Passive | Retrospective | Microscopy | P. vivax | None | 139 | 29 (20.9%) | Table 1 |
| Kamal (47) | Pakistan | Children (median 7 y) | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum, P. vivax | None | 202 | 35 (17.3%) | – |
| Arnold et al. (48) | Thailand | Adults | Hospital | No | Passive | Retrospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 200 | 43 (21.5%) | Data from severe malaria patients, with or without shock |
| He et al. (49) | South Sudan | Adults, soldiers | Hospital | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy and/or RDT | P. falciparum | None | 96 | 42 (43.8%) | Data from no/incomplete chemoprophylaxis group, this table |
| Tao et al. (50) | China | Neonates | Unclear | No | Passive | Retrospective | Microscopy | P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae | None | 96 | 6 (6.3%) | Data from clinical case reports in database, presumably hospital records |
| Dotrário et al. (51) | Brazil | Adults (median 37 y) | Hospital | Yes | Passive | Retrospective | Microscopy | P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, mixed infections | None | 136 | 22 (16.2%) | Table 3, intervention and longitudinal study |
| Irawati et al. (52) | Indonesia | Children and adults | Community Survey | No | Active | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum | None | 52 | 13 (25%) | Table 2, intervention and longitudinal study |
| Nateghpour et al. (53) | Iran | Children and adults | Health Center | No | Passive | Prospective | Microscopy | P. falciparum, P. vivax, mixed infections | None | 327 | 28 (8.6%) | Table 2 |
| Sum of data taken from all studies in table | 3,513 | 474 (13%) | ||||||||||