Table 6.

Odds ratio of having underlying malaria when presenting with diarrhoea, compared to “controls.”

References	Origin	Patient(s)	Cases—with diarrhoea			“Controls”—without diarrhoea				Odds ratio (95% CI)
			Number with diarrhoea, n	Malaria positive, n (%)	Species	Control recruitment	Fever?	Number of diarrhoea negative controls, n	Controls with malaria, n (%)
Laurentz and Manoempil (63)	Indonesia	Children	821	150 (18.3%)	P. falciparum	Hospital	69% febrile	1,192	271 (22.7%)	0.76 (0.61, 0.95), p = 0.02
Sodeinde et al. (29)	Nigeria	Children (median 15 mo)	522	68 (13%)	P. falciparum	Hospital	75% febrile	313	56 (17.9%)	0.69 (0.46, 1.01), p = 0.056
Sodemann et al. (64)	Guinea-Bissau	Children (median 19 mo)	297	80 (26.9%)	P. falciparum	Community	15% febrile, via maternal reporting	297	72 (24.2%)	1.15 (0.80, 1.66), p = 0.45
Ashie et al. (65)	Ghana	Children (<5 y)	240	22 (9.2%)	Not stated but likely to be predominantly P. falciparum	Hospital	Not reported	107	1 (0.9%)	10.7 (1.42, 80.4), p = 0.02