TABLE 1.
Soundscape descriptors as emotion dimensions.
| Authors | Detected dimensions | Applied method |
| Truax, 1984 | Coherence, variety** | Theoretical deduction |
| Bjork, 1985 | Pleasantness*, arousal** | Semantic differential method, principal components analysis (L) |
| Västfjäll et al., 2003b | Valence*, activation** | Multiple rating scales, sum of scales (L) |
| Axelsson et al., 2010 | Pleasantness*, eventfulness**, familiarity | Semantic differential method, principal components analysis (L) |
| Cain et al., 2013 | Calmness*, vibrancy** | Semantic differential method,2 principal components analysis (L) |
| Andringa and van den Bosch, 2013 | Pleasure*, activation** | Based on literature |
| Yu et al., 2016 | Preference*, loudness, communication, playfulness richness** | Semantic differential method |
| International Organization for Standardization, 2019 | Pleasantness*, eventfulness** | Defined based on literature |
| Tarlao et al., 2019 | Appreciation*, dynamism**, monotony | Semantic differential method, principal components analysis (F) |
| Sudarsono et al., 2019 | Privacy, disturbance*, dynamic**, fear, satisfaction* | Semantic differential method, principal components analysis (F) |
| Welch et al., 2019 | Calming**, protecting*, hectic, belonging, stability | Qualitative method analyzing written text, semantic differential method, principal components analysis (L) |
| Zhang and Kang, 2020 | Enjoyment*, excitement**, desolation, tension, familiarity (related to felt emotions) | Semantic differential method, factor analysis (L) |
| Zhang and Kang, 2020 | Comfortable*, festive**, desolate, familiar, attractive*, nostalgic (related to perceived emotions) | Semantic differential method, factor analysis (L) |
Dimensions are marked with asterisks if they resemble the Mehrabian and Russell’s pleasantness (*) and arousal (**) dimensions. The letters L (laboratory experiment) and F (field study) indicate the general type of the study. 2The reference to the “semantic differential method” in this table refers to the use of multiple category rating scales to be judged by participants that vary in format and design.