Table 2.
Comparison of quantitative and qualitative results of the 18 BV patients who were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively
| Quantitative | Qualitative | Interview quotations: discrepancies between quantitative and qualitative results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DHI T (P, F, E) HADS-NL EQ-5D-5L |
Descriptions: physical | Descriptions: cognitive | Descriptions: emotions | ||
| Patient 1 |
DHI 62 (24, 20, 16) A = 7, D = 4 EQ-5D-5L = 0,743 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, no fast head movements | Difficulties with dual tasking | Sadness (suffering, sadness, shame, neglect), fear (nervousness), anger (exasperation, rage) | “brought down”, “life is harder”, “intensely miserable”, “feeling down”, “sad”, “fear of falling”, “feeling unsafe”, “anger” |
| Patient 2 |
DHI 74 (20, 26, 28) A = 11, D = 15 EQ-5D-5L = 0.769 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, reading difficulties, no fast head movements | Difficulties with dual tasking, problems with spatial orientation, concentration problems | Sadness (suffering, sadness, disappointment, neglect), fear (nervousness) | “major limitation”, “I no longer look forward to anything, as it is always disappointing”, “feeling down”, “dark thoughts”, very sad, disappointed in people, fear of falling (during cycling) |
| Patient 3 |
DHI 80 (26, 30, 24) A = 7, D = 7 EQ-5D-5L = 0.439 |
Imbalance, neck pain | Difficulties with dual tasking, forgetfulness | Anger (irritation, rage) | “quickly irritated”, “aggressive” |
| Patient 4 |
DHI 40 (16, 20,4) A = 1, D = 2 EQ-5D-5L = 0.798 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, neck pain | Difficulties with dual tasking | Sadness (shame, neglect), joy (optimism) | “drunk man”, “no balance”, “toddling”, “I need to hold on”(need of support), cycling: “just as if you are being trapped”, moving horizon, “I’m the guilty one”, “vulnerable”, “I adjusted my life accordingly. It has not put me in a situation where I feel run down now or I think this is the beginning of the end” |
| Patient 5 |
DHI 46 (16, 20, 10) A = 6, D = 4 EQ-5D-5L = 0.622 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, tiredness, nausea, headache | Difficulties with dual tasking, concentration problems | Sadness (sadness), fear (nervousness) | “difficult to walk in a straight line”, cycling: “I fall more easily”, swimming: “I don't like it, the water is moving and everything. Can't focus. And I also find it very scary when I go underwater I just don't know what is above and below”, “I just can't keep my head still”, problems with sun shining through trees and oncoming traffic: “missing a peace”, “sometimes tired of it”, |
| Patient 6 |
DHI 38 (10, 16, 12) A = 7, D = 3 EQ-5D-5L = 0.799 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, vertigo attacks, tiredness, tinnitus | Difficulties with dual tasking, problems with spatial orientation, concentration problems | Sadness (sadness, neglect), fear (nervousness), anger (irritation) | “wandering”, “drunk”,”I am a fanatic bird watcher … first I have to stop and by then the bird has often flown”(bird watching not possible anymore), “flickering image”, “visual trailing”, vertigo during concentrating for a long time, cycling and oncoming traffic: “I have no control over what comes towards me. if he swerves, then I'm lost because I don't know what to do”, “reacting more sensitively”, “more insecure”, “fear of your instability” (falling), “stress” |
| Patient 7 |
DHI 32 (12, 10, 10) A = 4, D = 3 EQ-5D-5L = 0.805 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, no fast head movements, tiredness, tinnitus, lightheadedness | Forgetfulness | Sadness (sadness, shame), fear (nervousness), joy (optimism) | “staggering”, “drunk”, “You’re not able to cycle in a straight line, than you will fall”, stairs and standing up: “need to hold on”, not able to recognize faces or signs during walking, moving horizon, “fast head movements are difficult”, “tiredness”, standing up quickly: “lightheaded”, “forgetfulness”, “moments of feeling down”, “It’s all my fault”, “fear”, fear of falling, fear of walking stairs, “hyperventilating”, “stress”, Wife: “that makes him very sad” |
| Patient 8 |
DHI 52 (20, 20, 12) A = 10, D = 5 EQ-5D-5L = 0.580 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, reading difficulties, no fast head movements, tiredness, lightheadedness | Problems with spatial orientation, concentration problems | Sadness (sadness, shame, neglect), fear (nervousness) | “burnout”, “emotional”, “sadness”, “shame”, “sometimes, I just find it bothersome to be reliant on others” (stopped using antidepressant one week ago) |
| Patient 9 |
DHI 64 (22, 26, 16) A = 16, D = 13 EQ-5D-5L = 0.490 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, reading difficulties, no fast head movements, vertigo attacks, tiredness, tinnitus, neck pain, nausea, lightheadedness, headache | Difficulties with dual tasking, problems with spatial orientation, forgetfulness | Sadness (sadness, shame, neglect), fear (horror), anger (irritation, exasperation, rage) | |
| Patient 10 |
DHI 76 (24, 28, 24) A = 12, D = 12 EQ-5D-5L = 0.625 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, reading difficulties, no fast head movements, tiredness, tinnitus, lightheadedness | Difficulties with dual tasking, concentration problems, forgetfulness | Sadness (suffering, sadness, neglect), fear (horror, nervousness), anger (irritation), joy (optimism) | |
| Patient 11 |
DHI 58 (20, 22, 16) A = 7, D = 9 EQ-5D-5L = 0.498 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, no fast head movements, vertigo attacks, tiredness, nausea, headache, sleeping problems | Difficulties with dual tasking, problems with spatial orientation, concentration problems, forgetfulness | Sadness (suffering, sadness, neglect), fear (horror, nervousness), anger (irritation, exasperation), joy (hope, optimism) | |
| Patient 12 |
DHI 56 (20, 24, 12) A = 9, D = 1 EQ-5D-5L = 0.700 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, reading difficulties, no fast head movements, vertigo attacks, tiredness, tinnitus, nausea, headache | Difficulties with dual tasking, problems with spatial orientation | Sadness (neglect), anger (exasperation), joy (optimism) | “loss of freedom”, “dependent”, “powerlessness up to annoyance”, “insecure”, “incomprehension of others” |
| Patient 13 |
DHI 42 (16, 14, 12) A = 4, D = 3 EQ-5D-5L = 0.837 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo | Fear (nervousness), anger (irritation) | “anxiety”, “irritation” | |
| Patient 14 |
DHI 68 (24, 24, 20) A = 2, D = 1 EQ-5D-5L = 0.730 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, reading difficulties, no fast head movements, tiredness, tinnitus, restless mind, sleeping problems | Difficulties with dual tasking | Sadness (suffering, disappointment, neglect), fear (nervousness) | “it controls my whole life”, “often, I find it such a pity”, “displeasure”, “If I go away, I won’t go by myself”, “fear of falling” |
| Patient 15 |
DHI 62 (20, 22, 20) A = 14, D = 8 EQ-5D-5L = 0.776 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, reading difficulties, vertigo attacks, tiredness, headache | Difficulties with dual tasking, problems with spatial orientation, forgetfulness | Sadness (neglect), fear (nervousness), anger (irritation) | “dependent”, “more anxious”, “annoying” |
| Patient 16 |
DHI 64 (20, 22, 22) A = 15, D = 14 EQ-5D-5L = 0.589 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, no fast head movements, vertigo attacks, tiredness, tinnitus, neck pain, light-headedness, headache, restless mind | Difficulties with dual tasking, problems with spatial orientation | Sadness (sadness, disappointment, shame, neglect), fear (nervousness) | |
| Patient 17 |
DHI 58 (20, 22, 16) A = 6, D = 7 EQ-5D-5L = 0.608 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, reading difficulties, no fast head movements, tiredness, headache, restless mind | Difficulties with dual tasking, problems with spatial orientation, concentration problems | Sadness (sadness, shame, neglect, sympathy), fear (nervousness), anger (irritation), joy (hope, optimism) | “it spoils everything”, “I feel really guilty”, “you don't want everyone to see it”(embarrassed), “I have to hand it over”, “feeling left out”, “I don't want to appear pathetic”, cycling: “stressful”, “annoying”, “short fuse”, “I try to get everything out of it” |
| Patient 18 |
DHI 12 (0, 6, 6) A = 0, D = 1 EQ-5D-5L = 0.824 |
Imbalance, oscillopsia, visual vertigo, no fast head movements | Difficulties with dual tasking | Fear (nervousness), love (affection) | “I sway”, “staggering”, “drunk”, “falling”, “fell with the bicycle”, horizon: “moves during walking”, not able to recognize faces or read signs or boxes in the supermarket during walking, “not able to focus”, “hard to look back” (literally: turning head), “fear of losing balance”, “more anxious”, “It takes more effort and more concentration” |
The second column presents the results of the quantitative data per patient. “T (P, F, E)” represent the total (T), physical (P), functional (F), and emotional (E) scores of the DHI questionnaire. “A” and “D” indicate the anxiety (A) and depression (D) subscales of the HADS questionnaire. The third–fifth columns show the symptoms described during the semi-structured interviews. The last column demonstrates relevant quotations per patient, which illustrate discrepancies between the quantitative and qualitative results