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. 2020 Dec 4;10:21228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77962-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Maternal administration of high-dose AA to SMP30/GNL KO dams during the lactation period. (a) Experimental protocol of the maternal administration of high-dose AA to SMP30/GNL KO dams during the lactation period. Upon delivery (d2), KO dams were divided into the KO and KOA groups. The KO group had free access to 1.5 g/L AA water, whereas the KOA group was given 3.0 g/L AA water orally and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 4.0 g/L AA. Upon birth, during the lactation period, male offspring were divided into the two groups as above. Plasma AA levels in dams on d2 (n = 6 per group). (c) Body weights of KO and KOA offspring from birth to d16 (left panel, statistical analysis using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test) and liver weight on d16 (right panel) (n = 6 per group). (d) Plasma and hepatic AA levels in KO and KOA offspring on d16 (n = 6–8 per group). (e) 5hmC levels in the livers of KO and KOA offspring on d16 (n = 6 per group). Statistical analysis using an unpaired Student’s t-test unless otherwise indicated. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; N.S., not significant vs. KOA offspring.