Effect of different doses of [1-13C]-L-lactate on [13C]HCO3– and [1-13C]aspartate production from a rat liver in (A) fasted and (B) fed nutritional states. Red spectra were acquired after a bolus injection of 60-mM hyperpolarized [1-13C]lactate, and blue spectra were acquired with 30-mM [1-13C]lactate. (C) Comparison of apparent conversion rate constants between 30-mM and 60-mM lactate in fasted and fed cohorts. Lac: lactate, Pyr: pyruvate, Ala: alanine, HCO3–: bicarbonate, Asp: aspartate.