Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the MACS and WIHS.
| MACS | WIHS | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (Percent) | |||
| Geographic region of recruitment site | < 0.01 | ||
| West coast | 1964 (28.93) | 1266 (28.62) | |
| East coast | 3264 (48.08) | 2641 (59.71) | |
| Midwest | 1561 (22.99) | 516 (11.67) | |
| Enrollment cohort | < 0.01 | ||
| 1984 - 1987 | 5302 (78.10) | 0 (0.00) | |
| 1994 - 1995 | 0 (0.00) | 2301 (52.02) | |
| 2001 - 2002 | 1149 (16.92) | 957 (21.64) | |
| 2010+ | 338 (4.98) | 1165 (26.34) | |
| Race/ethnicity | < 0.01 | ||
| Non-Latinx white | 4929 (72.62) | 591 (13.36) | |
| Non-Latinx black | 1129 (16.63) | 2763 (62.47) | |
| Other | 729 (10.74) | 1069 (24.17) | |
| Baseline educational attainment | < 0.01 | ||
| High school or less | 1234 (18.30) | 2924 (66.23) | |
| Some college | 1991 (29.52) | 1159 (26.25) | |
| College graduate | 1505 (22.31) | 233 (5.28) | |
| At least some postgraduate education | 2015 (29.87) | 99 (2.24) | |
| Annual household income | < 0.01 | ||
| < $29,999 | 1072 (71.99) | 3711 (86.50) | |
| ≥ $30,000 | 417 (28.01) | 579 (13.50) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.01 | ||
| Never | 2690 (39.62) | 1532 (34.64) | |
| Former | 1335 (19.66) | 559 (12.64) | |
| Current | 2764 (40.71) | 2332 (52.72) | |
| Alcohol use | < 0.01 | ||
| Abstainer | 574 (8.61) | 1957 (44.88) | |
| > 0 to 7 drinks/week | 3767 (56.49) | 1788 (41.00) | |
| > 7 to 12 drinks/week | 715 (10.72) | 183 (4.20) | |
| > 12 drinks/week | 1612 (24.18) | 433 (9.93) | |
| Smoked an illicit drug | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 2617 (38.55) | 2951 (66.72) | |
| Yes | 4172 (61.45) | 1472 (33.28) | |
| Injected an illicit drug | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 6255 (92.13) | 4145 (93.71) | |
| Yes | 534 (7.87) | 278 (6.29) | |
| Took an illicit drug other than through smoking/injection | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 3119 (45.94) | 4306 (97.35) | |
| Yes | 3670 (54.06) | 117 (2.65) | |
| Any HPV* | |||
| No | 1534 (50.43) | ||
| Yes | 1508 (49.57) | ||
| Oncogenic HPV* | |||
| No | 2294 (75.41) | ||
| Yes | 748 (24.59) | ||
| Hepatitis C virus | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 6375 (94.65) | 3414 (80.96) | |
| Yes | 360 (5.35) | 803 (19.04) | |
| HIV infection | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 3805 (56.05) | 1150 (26.00) | |
| Yes | 2984 (43.95) | 3273 (74.00) | |
| CD4 cell count/μl (PLWH only) | < 0.01 | ||
| < 200 | 185 (6.34) | 595 (18.61) | |
| 200 - 500 | 1073 (36.78) | 1368 (42.78) | |
| > 500 | 1659 (56.87) | 1235 (38.62) | |
| HIV viral load detectable (PLWH only) | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 481 (45.16) | 1063 (33.42) | |
| Yes | 584 (54.84) | 2118 (66.58) | |
| HIV viral load ≥ 4,000 copies/ml (PLWH only) | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 592 (55.59) | 1526 (47.91) | |
| Yes | 473 (44.41) | 1659 (52.09) | |
| Exposure to ART (PLWH only) | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 2473 (82.88) | 2327 (71.10) | |
| Yes | 511 (17.12) | 946 (28.90) | |
| History of clinical AIDS (PLWH only) | < 0.01 | ||
| No | 2969 (99.50) | 2636 (80.54) | |
| Yes | 15 (0.50) | 637 (19.46) | |
| Pre-ART nadir CD4 cell/μl count (PLWH only) | < 0.01 | ||
| < 200 | 1497 (50.37) | 1004 (43.22) | |
| ≥ 200 | 1475 (49.63) | 1319 (56.78) | |
| Post-ART nadir CD4 cell/μl count (PLWH only) | < 0.01 | ||
| < 200 | 389 (28.21) | 1098 (40.13) | |
| ≥ 200 | 990 (71.79) | 1638 (59.87) | |
| Peak HIV viral load (PLWH only) | < 0.01 | ||
| ≤ 10,000 copies/ml | 563 (20.01) | 1041 (31.81) | |
| > 10,000 copies/ml | 2251 (79.99) | 2232 (68.19) | |
| Median (IQR) | |||
| Cumulative pack-years smoked (never smokers excluded) | 14.70 (4.58-28.84) | 7.75 (3.00-15.50) | < 0.01 |
| Years since smoking cessation | 5.00 (1.00-8.25) | 1.27 (0.30-5.78) | < 0.01 |
| Age (years) | 33.37 (28.28-39.42) | 36.77 (30.63-43.52) | < 0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.30 (21.70-25.50) | 27.20 (23.40-33.10) | < 0.01 |
| Lifetime number of sexual partners | 102.00 (34.00-400.00) | 11.00 (5.00-35.00) | < 0.01 |
| Total number of participants | 6789 | 4423 | |
Bold indicates statistically significant.
HPV= human papilloma virus; MACS = Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study; PLWH = people living with HIV; WIHS = Women’s Interagency HIV Study.
*
: MACS participants not tested for HPV at baseline visit.
Due to missing values, participant frequencies within variable categories may not sum to total participant counts.