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. 2020 Dec 4;3(12):e2027935. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27935

Table 2. Association of Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms With Mortality, by Depression Status, Adjusted for Health Factorsa.

Trauma and PTSD Deaths/person-years Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Model 1b Model 2c Model 3d Model 4e Model 5f
Without depression
No trauma 63/76 872 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Trauma, no PTSD 112/115 673 1.15 (0.84-1.56) 1.14 (0.84-1.55) 1.15 (0.84-1.57) 1.13 (0.83-1.54) 1.15 (0.84-1.56)
PTSD symptoms, No.
1-3 130/108 220 1.43 (1.06-1.93)g 1.38 (1.02-1.87)g 1.41 (1.05-1.91)g 1.39 (1.03-1.89)g 1.44 (1.07-1.95)g
4-5 44/37 615 1.39 (0.95-2.05) 1.30 (0.88-1.91) 1.37 (0.93-2.01) 1.33 (0.91-1.96) 1.41 (0.96-2.07)
6-7 17/16 603 1.27 (0.75-2.18) 1.13 (0.66-1.95) 1.23 (0.72-2.11) 1.19 (0.69-2.03) 1.28 (0.75-2.20)
With depression
No trauma 20/10 441 2.39 (1.44-3.95)h 2.23 (1.34-3.70)i 2.36 (1.43-3.92)h 2.27 (1.37-3.76)i 2.32 (1.40-3.85)i
Trauma, no PTSD 16/14 642 1.28 (0.74-2.21) 1.14 (0.66-1.98) 1.23 (0.71-2.15) 1.19 (0.68-2.06) 1.23 (0.71-2.13)
PTSD symptoms, No.
1-3 58/25 336 2.85 (1.99-4.07)h 2.52 (1.76-3.61)h 2.77 (1.94-3.98)h 2.62 (1.83-3.75)h 2.76 (1.93-3.94)h
4-5 38/22 120 2.03 (1.35-3.03)h 1.63 (1.08-2.46)g 1.87 (1.24-2.80)i 1.84 (1.22-2.75)i 1.96 (1.30-2.93)i
6-7 57/17 827 3.80 (2.65-5.45)h 3.11 (2.16-4.47)h 3.57 (2.49-5.13)h 3.40 (2.67-4.89)h 3.65 (2.54-5.24)h

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.

a

All models adjusted for individual’s age in months; individual’s race/ethnicity; and parents’ education, occupation, and home ownership in individual’s infancy. Smoking was coded as never; past 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, or 45 or more cigarettes/d; current 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, or 45 or more cigarettes/d; or missing smoking status. Physical activity was coded as less than 3, 3 to less than 9, 9 to less than 18, 18 to less than 27, 27 to less than 42, or 42 or more metabolic equivalents/wk or missing exercise data. Marital status was coded as married, divorced or separated, never married, widowed, or missing marital status. BMI was coded as a continuous variable. BMI and BMI-squared terms were included.

b

Adjusted for childhood socioeconomic factors, race, and age.

c

Model 1 further adjusted for BMI, smoking, physical activity, and marital status.

d

Model 1 further adjusted for BMI only.

e

Model 1 further adjusted for smoking only.

f

Model 1 further adjusted for physical activity only.

g

P < .05.

h

P < .001.

i

P < .01.