Table 2. Association of Trauma Exposure and PTSD Symptoms With Mortality, by Depression Status, Adjusted for Health Factorsa.
Trauma and PTSD | Deaths/person-years | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | Model 4e | Model 5f | ||
Without depression | ||||||
No trauma | 63/76 872 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Trauma, no PTSD | 112/115 673 | 1.15 (0.84-1.56) | 1.14 (0.84-1.55) | 1.15 (0.84-1.57) | 1.13 (0.83-1.54) | 1.15 (0.84-1.56) |
PTSD symptoms, No. | ||||||
1-3 | 130/108 220 | 1.43 (1.06-1.93)g | 1.38 (1.02-1.87)g | 1.41 (1.05-1.91)g | 1.39 (1.03-1.89)g | 1.44 (1.07-1.95)g |
4-5 | 44/37 615 | 1.39 (0.95-2.05) | 1.30 (0.88-1.91) | 1.37 (0.93-2.01) | 1.33 (0.91-1.96) | 1.41 (0.96-2.07) |
6-7 | 17/16 603 | 1.27 (0.75-2.18) | 1.13 (0.66-1.95) | 1.23 (0.72-2.11) | 1.19 (0.69-2.03) | 1.28 (0.75-2.20) |
With depression | ||||||
No trauma | 20/10 441 | 2.39 (1.44-3.95)h | 2.23 (1.34-3.70)i | 2.36 (1.43-3.92)h | 2.27 (1.37-3.76)i | 2.32 (1.40-3.85)i |
Trauma, no PTSD | 16/14 642 | 1.28 (0.74-2.21) | 1.14 (0.66-1.98) | 1.23 (0.71-2.15) | 1.19 (0.68-2.06) | 1.23 (0.71-2.13) |
PTSD symptoms, No. | ||||||
1-3 | 58/25 336 | 2.85 (1.99-4.07)h | 2.52 (1.76-3.61)h | 2.77 (1.94-3.98)h | 2.62 (1.83-3.75)h | 2.76 (1.93-3.94)h |
4-5 | 38/22 120 | 2.03 (1.35-3.03)h | 1.63 (1.08-2.46)g | 1.87 (1.24-2.80)i | 1.84 (1.22-2.75)i | 1.96 (1.30-2.93)i |
6-7 | 57/17 827 | 3.80 (2.65-5.45)h | 3.11 (2.16-4.47)h | 3.57 (2.49-5.13)h | 3.40 (2.67-4.89)h | 3.65 (2.54-5.24)h |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
All models adjusted for individual’s age in months; individual’s race/ethnicity; and parents’ education, occupation, and home ownership in individual’s infancy. Smoking was coded as never; past 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, or 45 or more cigarettes/d; current 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, or 45 or more cigarettes/d; or missing smoking status. Physical activity was coded as less than 3, 3 to less than 9, 9 to less than 18, 18 to less than 27, 27 to less than 42, or 42 or more metabolic equivalents/wk or missing exercise data. Marital status was coded as married, divorced or separated, never married, widowed, or missing marital status. BMI was coded as a continuous variable. BMI and BMI-squared terms were included.
Adjusted for childhood socioeconomic factors, race, and age.
Model 1 further adjusted for BMI, smoking, physical activity, and marital status.
Model 1 further adjusted for BMI only.
Model 1 further adjusted for smoking only.
Model 1 further adjusted for physical activity only.
P < .05.
P < .001.
P < .01.