Table 2.
Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties of plant-derived nanovesicles
| Vegetable/fruit | Properties | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties | ||
| Grapefruit | GFDNs enhance nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages | [41] |
| Carrot | NVs enhance expression of IL-10; enhance nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages | [41] |
| Ginger | GDNs (band 2) enhance expression of HO-1 and IL-10; lower expression of IL-6; enhance nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages | [41] |
| GDNs block NLRP3 activation in BMDM as judged by inhibition of Caspase 1 cleavage and IL-1β release | [33] | |
| GDNs (band 1 and band 2) increase Nrf2 nuclear translocation and reduction of ROS in mouse hepatocytes | [31] | |
| Grapefruit | GFDNs upregulate the expression of HO-1 and inhibit of the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in intestinal macrophages | [53] |
| Broccoli | BDN-derived lipids impair the ability of BMDCs to respond to LPS; they induce an anti-inflammatory response in BMDC-T cell co-cultures | [64] |
| Shiitake mushroom | SMNs block NLRP3 activation in BMDM, as judged by inhibition of Caspase 1 cleavage and IL-1β release, upon different inflammasome activators | [42] |
| Regenerative properties | ||
| Grape | GELNs promote ex vivo intestinal stem cell proliferation and organoid structure formation | [49] |
| Ginger | GDNs dampen inflammation and epithelial erosion in the DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mouse; reduce anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and induce anti-inflammatory and pro-healing cytokines (IL-10, IL-22); accelerate wound healing in Caco2-BBE monolayers | [44] |
| Wheat grass | WDNs promote proliferation and exert anti-apoptotic effects on HDF (primary human dermal fibroblasts), HUVEC (human endothelial vascular endothelial cells), and HaCaT (human keratinocytes), induce tube branching in HUVEC, and increase collagen type I expression in HaCaT as both protein and mRNA | [69] |
BMDCs: bone marrow-derived dendritic cells; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophages; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; IL: interleukin; Nrf2: nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; NVs: nanovesicles; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.