Potential-induced disorder–order transition in a 2,2’-bipyridine monolayer on reconstructed Au(111). Images a, b, and c were obtained at sample potentials of 0.11 V, 0.24 V, and 0.38 V versus SCE, respectively, in aqueous 0.10 M NaClO4. Lines in a and b indicate the direction of the reconstruction strips. Arrows in b point to the formation of the ordered phase as the potential is raised to 0.24 V. Reprinted from ref94. Copyright 1996 American Chemical Society.