Table 4.
Hazard ratios (95% CIs) relating quintiles of main sources of total flavonoid intake and incidence of periodontitis.
| < 1/mon | 1-3/mon | 1/week | 2-4/week | ≥5/ week |
P Trend† |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tea (1 cup) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.09 (0.99-1.20) | 0.98 (0.85-1.13) | 1.04 (0.94-1.15) | 0.97 (0.89-1.06) | 0.15 |
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 1.09 (0.99-1.20) | 0.99 (0.86-1.14) | 1.06 (0.96-1.17) | 0.99 (0.90-1.07) | 0.23 |
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 1.09 (0.99-1.20) | 0.99 (0.86-1.14) | 1.05 (0.94-1.17) | 0.96 (0.84-1.08) | 0.16 |
| Onion-Garnish (1 slice) ‡ | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.16 (0.97-1.39) | 1.25 (1.03-1.50) | 1.33 (1.13-1.57) | 1.46 (1.22-1.74) | <0.001* |
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 1.14 (0.95-1.36) | 1.19 (0.99-1.44) | 1.25 (1.06-1.48) | 1.37 (1.14-1.64) | <0.001* |
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 1.14 (0.95-1.36) | 1.19 (0.99-1.44) | 1.25 (1.06-1.48) | 1.38 (1.15-1.65) | <0.001* |
| Onion-Vegetable (1 onion) ‡ | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.10 (0.96-1.25) | 1.21 (1.04-1.41) | 1.18 (1.03-1.36) | 0.03* | |
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 1.06 (0.92-1.21) | 1.16 (0.99-1.35) | 1.12 (0.97-1.29) | 0.16 | |
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 1.06 (0.92-1.21) | 1.16 (0.99-1.35) | 1.13 (0.97-1.30) | 0.14 | |
| Apple (1 apple) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.95 (0.82-1.11) | 0.84 (0.72-0.98) | 0.88 (0.77-1.02) | 0.90 (0.78-1.04) | 0.52 |
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.85-1.14) | 0.90 (0.76-1.05) | 0.95 (0.83-1.10) | 0.99 (0.85-1.15) | 0.50 |
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.85-1.14) | 0.90 (0.77-1.05) | 0.96 (0.83-1.11) | 1.00 (0.85-1.17) | 0.39 |
| Orange-Juice (small glass) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.02 (0.90-1.16) | 0.96 (0.83-1.11) | 1.02 (0.91-1.15) | 0.93 (0.83-1.04) | 0.03* |
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 1.01 (0.89-1.15) | 0.96 (0.83-1.11) | 1.03 (0.91-1.16) | 0.94 (0.84-1.06) | 0.09 |
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 1.01 (0.89-1.15) | 0.96 (0.83-1.11) | 1.03 (0.91-1.16) | 0.94 (0.84-1.06) | 0.09 |
| Orange-Fruit (1 orange) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.92 (0.82-1.02) | 0.91 (0.81-1.03) | 0.86 (0.77-0.96) | 0.85 (0.75-0.96) | 0.02* |
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 0.94 (0.84-1.04) | 0.95 (0.85-1.08) | 0.90 (0.81-1.01) | 0.89 (0.78-1.01) | 0.12 |
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 0.93 (0.84-1.04) | 0.95 (0.84-1.08) | 0.90 (0.81-1.01) | 0.89 (0.78-1.02) | 0.13 |
| Red wine (4 oz. glass) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.12 (1.03-1.21) | 1.06 (0.94-1.20) | 1.17 (1.07-1.27) | <0.01* | |
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 1.06 (0.97-1.16) | 1.06 (0.93-1.20) | 1.18 (1.06-1.31) | <0.01* | |
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 1.06 (0.97-1.16) | 1.06 (0.93-1.20) | 1.18 (1.06-1.31) | <0.01* | |
| Strawberry (1/2 cup) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 0.93 (0.85-1.01) | 0.93 (0.84-1.02) | 0.13 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 0.95 (0.87-1.03) | 0.95 (0.87-1.05) | 0.39 | ||
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 0.95 (0.87-1.03) | 0.96 (0.87-1.05) | 0.41 | ||
| Blueberry (1/2 cup) | ||||||
| Model 1 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.00 (0.93-1.08) | 1.02 (0.91-1.13) | 0.79 | ||
| Model 2 | 1.0 | 1.02 (0.95-1.10) | 1.05 (0.94-1.17) | 0.35 | ||
| Model 3 | 1.0 | 1.03 (0.95-1.11) | 1.06 (0.94-1.18) | 0.31 | ||
Model 1: age adjusted
Model 2: adjusted for age, energy intake (quintiles), smoking (CSI), physical activity (METs quintiles), alcohol (g/day: 0, 0.1–4.9, 5–14.9, 15–29, 30+), occupation (dentist vs non-dentist), race (White/Black/Asian/Other), , incidence of diabetes during follow up, AHEI w/o fruits and vegetables, and adjusted for BMI (<18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25–29.9, 30+).
Model 3: model 2 and adjusted for total flavonoid (quintiles).
*
Statistically significant.
†
p-value for trend: each quintile was assigned the median value and treated as a continuous variable.
‡
Follow-up started in 1990.