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. 2020 Dec 4;10:21242. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77664-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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EMG traces and the relationship between EMG power, target and feedback during EMG shape tracing with and without the Active FES system. An example EMG traces recorded when a patient was performing the tracing task (a), with the Active FES system; (b) without the Active FES system. Feedback traces (computed from the filtered EMGs from (a) and (b) when a patient was performing the tracing task (c), with the Active FES system and (d), without the Active FES system. Correlation between Feedback and EMG, and Feedback and Target during the tracing task with (e), and without (f), the Active FES system. Respectively, (g) and (h) are the root mean squared error (RMSE) between Feedback and Target within the flat region of the target with and without the Active FES system. The Feedback was computed by subtracting Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) pulsewidth from Extensor digitorum communis (EDC) pulsewidth, (EDC_pw–FDS_pw). The EMG power difference was computed by subtracting EMG power for FDS from that of EDC (EDC_power–FDS_power).