. 2020 Dec 5;59(Suppl 5):v52–v62. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa404

Table 1.

Neuropsychiatric syndromes, according to the 1999 ACR classification stratified by frequency, in SLE patients

NP clinical syndromes	Frequency range, %
Cognitive dysfunction (mild)^a,^c	6.6–80	Frequent
Mood disorder^a	7.4–65
Anxiety^a	6.4–40
Headache^a	12.2–28.3
Seizures^a	7.0–20	Common
Cerebrovascular disease^a	8.0–15	Common
Psychosis^a	0.6–11	Infrequent
Acute confusional status^a	0.9–7
Mononeuropathy^b	0.9–6.9
Polyneuropathy^b	1.5–5.4
Myelopathy^a	0.9–3.9
Demyelinating syndrome^a	0.9–2.7
Aseptic meningitis^a	0.3–2.7	Rare
Autonomic disorder^b	0.08–1.3
AIDP (GBS)^b	0.08–1.2
Cranial neuropathy^b	1.0
Movement disorders (chorea)^a	0.9
Myasthenia gravis^b	0.2
Plexopathy^b	NR

CNS and

PNS clinical manifestations.

Severe cognitive dysfunction is less frequent (∼3–5%).

AIDP, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy; GBS, Guillain–Barré syndrome; NR, not reported.

Adapted with permission from Schwartz et al. [17].