Table 1.
Characteristics of Publications of HF Trials and Guidelines Citations
| Publication Characteristics | All HF Trials | Man, as First or Senior Author | Woman, as First or Senior Author | ACC/AHA Citations | ESC Citations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Authors, median (IQR) | |||||
| No. of publications | 118 | 97 | 18 | 173 | 100 |
| Total no. of authors per publication | 12 (8–15) | 12 (9–15) | 9 (7–11) | 9 (5–12) | 10 (6–17) |
| No. of women authors per publication | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0–2.0) | 2.5 (1.0–4.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1.0 (0.5–3.0) |
| Proportion of women authors per publication | 11.1 (3.5–20) | 8.3 (0–17.6) | 22.1 (16.7–33.3) | 20.0 (8.3–33.3) | 14.3 (1.6–20.4) |
| Woman first author | 11 (9.6) | 0 (0) | 11 (61.1) | 31 (17.9) | 16 (16.0) |
| Woman senior author | 9 (7.8) | 0 (0) | 9 (50) | 22 (12.7) | 12 (12.0) |
| Sponsor, n (%) | |||||
| Government | 23 (19.5) | 13 (13.4) | 8 (44.4) | … | … |
| University/Organization | 19 (16.1) | 15 (15.5) | 3 (16.7) | … | … |
| Industry | 74 (62.7) | 67 (69.1) | 7 (38.9) | … | … |
| Unclear | 2 (1.7) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0) | … | … |
| Primary outcome* n (%) | |||||
| Mortality | 83 (70.3) | 67 (69.1) | 16 (88.9) | … | … |
| Nonmortality intermediate outcomes | 22 (18.6) | 18 (18.6) | 2 (11.1) | … | … |
| Surrogate outcomes | 13 (11) | 12 (12.4) | 0 (0) | … | … |
| Intervention, n (%) | |||||
| Invasive | 29 (24.6) | 26 (26.8) | 3 (16.7) | … | … |
| Medication | 63 (53.4) | 55 (56.7) | 6 (33.3) | … | … |
| Others | 26 (22) | 16 (16.5) | 9 (50) | … | … |
| Population studied, n (%) | |||||
| HF with reduced EF | 94 (79.7) | 80 (82.5) | 11 (61.1) | … | … |
| HF with preserved EF | 4 (3.4) | 1 (1) | 3 (16.7) | … | … |
| HF regardless of EF | 20 (16.9) | 16 (16.5) | 4 (22.2) | … | … |
| Region of enrollment, n (%) | |||||
| North America | 29 (26.1) | 22 (23.9) | 7 (43.8) | … | … |
| Western Europe | 19 (17.1) | 15 (16.3) | 3 (18.8) | … | … |
| Rest of the world | 6 (5.4) | 3 (3.3) | 1 (6.3) | … | … |
| Mixed/multiregional | 57 (51.4) | 52 (56.5) | 5 (31.3) | … | … |
| Patient enrolled, median (IQR) | 994 (550–1854) | 1030 (572–2033) | 876 (614–1050) | … | … |
| Duration (y), median (IQR) | 2.8 (2–3.9) | 2.6 (1.9–3.9) | 3 (2.2–3.9) | … | … |
| No. of sites per trial, median (IQR) | 82 (28–171) | 91 (43–173) | 40 (9–161) | … | … |
| No. of countries per trial, median (IQR) | 4 (1–15.5) | 6 (1–16) | 2 (1–8) | … | … |
ACC indicates American College of Cardiology; AHA, American Heart Association; EF, ejection fraction; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; HF, heart failure; and IQR, interquartile range.
*
Nonmortality intermediate outcomes included quality of life, dyspnea relief, hospitalization, length of stay. Surrogate outcomes included pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, natriuretic peptides.