Table 6.
Associations of service density and proximity with inpatient care utilisation, by type of district
| Regency of low population density |
Regency of high population density |
Cities |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
SPR (95% CI)* |
OR (95% CI) † |
SPR (95% CI)* |
OR (95% CI) † |
SPR (95% CI)* |
OR (95% CI) † |
|
|
Service density: | ||||||
| Hospital beds ratio: | ||||||
| Low |
1.37 (1.30-1.45) |
1.00 |
1.68 (1.61-1.76) |
1.00 |
2.44 (2.08-2.81) |
1.00 |
| Medium |
1.48 (1.39-1.56) |
1.07 (0.85-1.34) |
2.13 (2.06-2.21) |
1.10 (0.93-1.31) |
1.58 (1.27-1.89) |
0.66 (0.36-1.22) |
| High |
1.66 (1.56-1.81) |
1.14 (0.87-1.49) |
2.73 (2.60-2.85) |
1.35 (1.08-1.69) |
2.87 (2.78-2.97) |
1.41 (0.89-2.22) |
| Nurse ratio: | ||||||
| Low |
1.11 (1.01-1.20) |
1.00 |
1.97 (1.86-1.98) |
1.00 |
3.22 (2.92-3.52) |
1.00 |
| Medium |
1.53 (1.45-1.62) |
1.11 (0.84-1.47) |
2.47 (2.36-2.57) |
1.12 (0.91-1.36) |
2.43 (2.28-2.58) |
0.81 (0.57-1.17) |
| High |
1.63 (1.54-1.72) |
1.22 (0.91-1.63) |
2.22 (2.06-2.37) |
1.20 (0.90-1.58) |
2.90 (2.77-3.02) |
0.90 (0.63-1.28) |
|
Service proximity: | ||||||
| Travel time: | ||||||
| Short |
1.89 (1.76-2.02) |
1.00 |
2.64 (2.52-2.75) |
1.00 |
2.93 (2.83-3.03) |
1.00 |
| Medium |
1.52 (1.42-1.62) |
0.88 (0.65-1.20) |
2.09 (2.01-2.15) |
0.99 (0.82-1.20) |
2.26 (2.06-2.47) |
0.77 (0.58-1.03) |
| Long |
1.30 (1.23-1.36) |
0.71 (0.53-0.96) |
1.58 (1.49-1.66) |
0.85 (0.66-1.10) |
1.15 (0.75-1.56) |
0.31 (0.14-0.69) |
|
Travel costs: | ||||||
| Low |
1.83 (1.65-2.00) |
1.00 |
2.50 (2.41-2.59) |
1.00 |
2.86 (2.76-2.97) |
1.00 |
| Medium |
1.67 (1.57-1.76) |
0.96 (0.69-1.35) |
2.02 (1.95-2.09) |
0.98 (0.83-1.17) |
2.55 (2.36-2.74) |
1.04 (0.80-1.36) |
| High |
1.29 (1.23-1.36) |
0.90 (0.63-1.30) |
1.50 (1.39-1.59) |
0.87 (0.68-1.12) |
2.40 (1.96-2.84) |
1.36 (0.71-2.57) |
|
ICC (95% CI)‡: | ||||||
| Province-level |
- |
0.000 (0.000-1.000) |
- |
0.004 (0.000-0.045) |
- |
0.000 (0.000-1.000) |
| District-level |
- |
0.009 (0.078-0.125) |
- |
0.061 (0.048-0.078) |
- |
0.045 (0.031-0.065) |
|
MOR (95% CrI)§: | ||||||
| Province-level |
- |
1.00 |
- |
1.12 (1.00-1.24) |
- |
1.00 |
| District-level | - | 1.76 (1.63-1.90) | - | 1.52 (1.44-1.61) | - | 1.44 (1.34-1.55) |
SPR – standardised prevalence rate, CI – confidence interval, OR – odds ratio, CI – confidence interval, ICC – intra-class correlation, MOR – median odds ratio, CrI – credible interval
*Age and sex-standardised prevalence rate, per 100 persons.
†Odds ratio adjusted to age, sex, and self-assessed health status, population density, wealth, education level, and health insurance (with 95% confidence interval).
‡Intraclass correlation (with 95% confidence interval).
§Median odds ratio (with 95% credible interval).