Table 1.

Characteristics of the included cost of illness studies associated with snakebites

Author, year	Income economies	Country	Perspective	Study setting	Sample size	Study design	Direct cost estimation method	Indirect cost estimation method	Source of resource utilization data	Source of price data
East Asia and Pacific
Schioldann, 2018 [24]	Lower-middle	Myanmar	Patient	Three villages in Mandalay	158 participants	Cross-sectional	Participatory appraisal methods with the communities	Not collected	Interview	Interview
Europe and Central Asia
Saz-Parkinson, 2012 [20]	High	Spain	Health system	Nationwide	1649 patients	Retrospective	Analysis of Spanish hospital discharge and registry database	Not collected	Database	Listed price
Latin America and Caribbean
Bachan, 2017 [25]	Upper-middle	Guyana	Societal	Five hinder land regions	57 patients	Retrospective	Analysis of Medical evacuation (medevac) database	Not collected	Database	Listed price, Literature
Sotelo, 2008 [26]	Upper-middle	Mexico	Provider	One children hospital in Northwestern Mexico	79 patients	Retrospective	Review of clinical files	Not collected	Chart	Listed price
Middle East and North Africa
Nikfar, 2011 [27]	Upper-middle	Iran	Health system	Nationwide	Not reported	Retrospective	Extraction from Iranian drug affair's, drug selection committee, pharmaceuticals statistics. Direct interview with stockholders and key opinion leaders	Not collected	Database, Interview, Literature	Listed price
Mashhadi, 2017 [28]	Upper-middle	Iran	Societal	Three hospitals in Ahvaz	655 patients	Cross-sectional	Review of patients’ medical records and self-reports of specialists. Face-to-face or telephone interviews with the patients.	Review of patients’ medical records and self-reports of specialists. Face-to-face or telephone interviews with the patients. Productivity loss due to hospitalization and disability were multiplied with average wage. Productivity loss due to premature mortality was calculated using GDP per capita.	Chart, Interview	Interview, Listed price
North America
Curran-Sills, 2018 [16]	High	Canada	Provider	Nationwide	99 patients	Retrospective	Review of the Health Canada Special Access Program records	Not collected	Chart	Market price
Lopoo, 1998 [18]	High	United States	Provider	One referral children hospital in Oklahoma	37 patients	Retrospective	Review of medical records	Not collected	Chart	Listed price
Narra, 2014 [19]	High	United States	Societal	Thirty-three tertiary children's hospitals	2755 patients	Retrospective	Analysis of Pediatric Health Information System database	Not collected	Database	Listed price
Fowler, 2017 [17]	High	United States	Provider	One regional hospital in Texas	146 patients	Retrospective	Review of medical records	Not collected	Database	Market price
South Asia
Kasturiratne, 2017 [5]	Upper-middle	Sri Lanka	Societal	All households in nine provinces	695 victims (44 136 households)	Cross-sectional, Modelling	Representative nation-wide community-based household survey for patients’ costs. Health system costs were obtained from hospital cost accounting systems and estimates of antivenom usage	Income lost in victims and their families were derived from the representative nation-wide community-based household survey	Database, Interview	Interview, Listed price
Hasan, 2012 [29]	Lower-middle	Bangladesh	Patient	Four rural tertiary level hospitals	83 patients	Prospective	Interview using structured questionnaires	Loss of wage was derived from interview using structured questionnaires	Interview	Market price, Interview,
Vaiyapuri, 2013 [30]	Lower-middle	India	Patient	Thirty villages in rural Tami Nadu	1115 victims (7578 households)	Cross-sectional	Interview using structured questionnaires	Income loss and economic loss were derived from interview using structured questionnaires	Interview	Interview
Gupt, 2015 [31]	Lower-middle	India	Provider	One hospital in Himachal Pradesh	497 patients	Retrospective	Review of medical records	Not collected	Chart	Listed price
Meena, 2016 [32]	Lower-middle	India	Health system	One tertiary hospital in Southern Rajasthan	200 patients	Prospective	Review of medical records and patients’ interview	Not collected	Chart, Interview	Listed price
Ramanath, 2016 [33]	Lower-middle	India	Provider	One rural hospital	190 patients	Prospective, Retrospective	Review of medical records and patients’ interview	Not collected	Chart, Interview	Listed price
Qureshi, 2013 [34]	Lower-middle	Pakistan	Health system	Two public-sector hospitals	74 patients	Prospective	Review of medical records	Not collected	Chart	Listed price
Sharma, 2004 [35]	Low	Nepal	Patient	Community-based; Five villages in eastern Terai	143 victims (1817 households)	Cross-sectional	Community-based survey with interview using a standardized questionnaire	Community-based survey with interview using a standardized questionnaire	Interview	Interview
Sub-Saharan Africa
Darryl, 2016 [36]	Upper-middle	South Africa	Health system	Fifty-six public hospitals in KwaZulu Natal	56 hospitals	Modelling, Retrospective	Analysis of KwaZulu Natal Department of Health central pharmacy antivenom supply data and review of hospital admission records	Not collected	Chart, Database	Listed price, Literature
Michael, 2011 [37]	Lower-middle	Nigeria	Societal	One 22-bed rural hospital in central Nigeria	72 patients	Prospective	Review of medical records and patients’ interview	Not collected	Chart, Interview	Listed price
Kasilo, 1993 [38]	Lower-middle	Zimbabwe	Provider	Six urban major referral hospitals	995 patients	Retrospective	Review of hospital records	Not collected	Chart	Listed price
Tagwireyi, 2001 [39]	Lower-middle	Zimbabwe	Provider	One large teaching hospital	78 patients	Retrospective	Review of medical records	Not collected	Chart	Market price
Gampini, 2016 [40]	Low	Burkina Faso	Patient	All public health facilities	114 126 patients	Retrospective	Number of cases were extracted from Statistical Yearbook of the Ministry of Health. Antivenom consumption data were collected from the drug wholesalers established in Burkina Faso.	Not collected	Database	Market price