Table 1.
Basic information on the prognostic/diagnostic capability, organ/cell of origin of protein biomarkers that are currently used for HF prognosis or diagnosis.
| Biomarker | Prognostic/diagnostic | Organ/cell of origin | Mode of release | Half-life |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NT-proBNP | Prognostic and diagnostic | Cardiac ventricles | Actively upon cardiomyocyte injury | 120 min |
| MR-proANP | Prognostic and diagnostic | Cardiac atrial | Actively upon cardiomyocyte injury | 60–120 min |
| Troponin I, T | Diagnostic and maybe prognostic | Cardiac thin filament | Passively upon myofibrillar injury | 120 min |
| cMyBP-C | Diagnostic | Cardiac thick filament | Passively upon myofibrillar injury | Not known |
| hFABP | Prognostic | Cardiomyocyte cytoplasmic protein | Passively upon cardiomyocyte membrane injury | 27 min |
| Gal-3 | Diagnostic | Multiple cells | Upon inflammation and cardiac remodeling | Not known |
| GDF-15 | Diagnostic | Multiple cells | Not clear | Not known |
| sST2 | Diagnostic | Cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells | Upon fibrosis and cardiac remodeling | Not known |