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GSDMD mediated pyroptosis pathways. Cerebral I/R damage induces the activation of caspase-1 and caspase-11; caspase-1 leads to the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18; caspase-1 and caspase-11 induce the cleavage of GSDMD and release of GSDMD-N; GSDMD-N forms a large pore in the plasma membrane; IL-1β and IL-18 are released through the pore; membrane integrity is disrupted, which ultimately leads to pyroptosis.
