Table 1.
Main mediators involved in bone remodeling.
| Pro-bone resorption factors | Main effects in bone |
|---|---|
| TNF-α | Osteoclast activation. Osteoblast inhibition |
| IL-6 | Osteoclast activation. Osteoblast inhibition |
| IL-1 | Osteoclastogenesis stimulation |
| IL-8 | Osteoclastogenesis stimulation |
| IL-11 | Osteoclastogenesis stimulation |
| RANKL | Osteoclast activation |
| IL-17 | Osteoclast activation |
| IL-23 | Osteoclast activation |
| Cathepsin K | Osteoclast activation |
| M-CSF | Osteoclastogenesis stimulation |
| Anti-bone resorption factors | |
| IFN-⋎ | Osteoclast inhibition |
| IL-2 | Osteoclast inhibition |
| IL-4 | Osteoclast inhibition |
| OPG | Osteoclast inhibition |
| Anti-bone formation factors | |
| DKK-1 | Osteoblast inhibition |
| Sclerostin | Osteoblast inhibition |
| TNF-α | Osteoblast inhibition (dual effect) |
| IL-6 | Osteoblast inhibition (dual effect) |
DKK-1, Dickkopf-1; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin family; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kB ligand; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.