Figure 3.

The MAPKs signaling pathway is affected by LIPUS through AT1 and caveolin-1 to mediate inflammation. The phosphorylation of ERK is induced by LIUPS through AT 1, and this increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines. However, the activation of caveolin-1 induced by LIPUS can suppress the expression of inflammatory kinases through MAPKs. LIPUS, low intensity pulsed ultrasound; AT 1, angiotensin type 1; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases; ERK ½, extracellular signal-regulated kinase.