Ergot Alkaloids [177] |
Chanoclavine |
No toxic effects at levels found in grasses |
May lower prolactin serum levels at high concentrations |
[178,179] |
Dehydroergovaline |
May contribute to toxicity |
Present only in fescue |
[13] |
Ergine |
Stupor |
High levels in Stipa robusta and Achnatherum inebrians
|
[13,180,181] |
Ergocornine |
Fescue toxicosis |
Intermediate in vasoconstriction between ergovaline and lysergic acid |
[154] |
Ergocristine |
Ergocryptine |
Ergonovine |
Ergonovine |
Fescue toxicosis |
Lowered skin temperature, heart rate, and prolactin and had a higher respiration rate and blood pressure |
[182] |
Ergotamine |
Fescue toxicosis |
Similar vasoconstriction effect as ergovaline |
[183] |
Ergotamine |
Fescue toxicosis |
Fever, diarrhoea, weight loss, laboured breathing, salivation, low prolactin |
[182,184] |
Ergosine |
Agroclavine |
Ergovaline |
Fescue toxicosis/fescue foot |
Inability to regulate body temperature; vasoconstrictor; regulates prolactin |
[143,152,182,185,186,187] |
Heat stress |
Increased body temperature |
[146,188] |
Lysergic acid |
Fescue toxicosis |
Lysergic acid is a major breakdown compound from ergovaline in rumen |
[153,189] |
1000 times less potent than ergovaline as a vasoconstrictor |
[183,190] |
Indole-Diterpenoids |
Epoxyjanthitrems |
Staggers |
Can be intense but short lived |
[191,192] |
Lolilline |
Not tremorgenic |
|
[193] |
Lolitrems A, B, and F |
Ryegrass staggers |
Neurotoxin that affects muscular coordination; delayed onset but persistent; marked increases in respiration rate, heart rate, and blood pressure. |
[84,152,158,160,193,194,195,196,197,198] |
31-epi-Lolitrem B |
Not tremorgenic |
- |
[193] |
Lolitrem E |
Minor tremorgen |
Inhibitor of mitotic kinesin (Eg5) |
[199,200] |
Lolitriol |
Not tremorgenic |
- |
[201] |
Paspaline |
Not tremorgenic |
- |
[198] |
Paxilline |
Moderate tremorgen |
Fast acting but short longevity; marked increases in respiration rate, heart rate. and blood pressure. |
[160,201,202,203,204,205] |
Terpendole C |
Tremorgen |
Fast acting, intense but short lived |
[206] |
Terpendole M |
Mild tremorgen |
Short lived |
[207] |
Pyrrolopyrazine Alkaloid |
Peramine |
No known mammalian toxicity |
Possible association with causing diarrhoea, but later proven incorrect |
[169,208,209] |
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids [175] |
N-acetyl loline (NAL) |
No known mammalian toxicity |
- |
[168,175,210] |
N-acetylnorloline (NANL) |
No consistent mammalian toxicity |
- |
[168,174,175,210] |
N-formyl loline (NFL) |
No known mammalian toxicity |
- |
[168,175,210] |