Table 5.

Pathogens impacted by Epichloë endophytes in planta.

Pathogen	Impact of Endophyte	Alkaloid Involved	Epichloë Strain/Type	Reference
Alternaria alternata	Moderate resistance	Enhanced superoxide dismutase or peroxidases activity	Ryegrass types	[383]
	Reduced incidence of infection	ns *	Host: Elymus cylindricus	[384]
Bipolaris sorokiniana	No effect in planta		E. bromicola	[375]
	No effect in planta		E. gansuensis	[342]
	Reduced incidence of infection	ns	Host: Leymus chinensis	[385]
		ns	Fescue types	[386]
	Resistance to infection	Enhanced superoxide dismutase or peroxidases activity	Ryegrass types	[383]
Blumeria graminis—powdery mildew	Lower disease incidence	ns	E. gansuensis	[342,387]
Cladosporium sp.	No effect in planta		E. bromicola	[375]
Claviceps purpurea	Reduced infection unless plants water stressed	ns	Annual ryegrass types	[388]
Cochliobolus sativus—soil pathogen	No effect		Fescue types	[389]
Curvularia lunata	No effect in planta		E. bromicola	[375]
	Moderate resistance	Enhanced superoxide dismutase or peroxidases activity	Ryegrass types	[383]
	Reduced incidence of infection	ns	Host: Leymus chinensis	[385]
	Reduced disease symptoms	ns	Fescue types	[390]
Drechsler sp.	Reduced incidence infection	ns	Fescue types	[386]
Drechslera erythrospila	Inhibited hyphal growth	ns	Ryegrass and fescue types	[373]
	Reduced disease symptoms in planta	Protease and endoglucanase activity	E. fesctucae	[374]
Drechslera siccans—brown blight	Resistance to infection	ns	Ryegrass types	[370]
Fusarium avenaceum	Resistance to infection	Enhanced superoxide dismutase or peroxidases activity	Ryegrass types	[383]
F. avenaceum	Reduced incidence of infection	ns	Host: Elymus cylindricus	[384]
F. culmorum	Reduced incidence of infection	ns	Host: Elymus cylindricus
F. oxysporum	Reduced incidence of infection	ns	Host: Elymus cylindricus
	Increased resistance	ns	Fescue arizonica type	[391]
F. poae	Reduced incidence of infection	ns	Fescue types	[386]
Fusarium spp.	No effect		Ryegrass and fescue types	[392]
	Resistance to infection	ns	Ryegrass types	[370]
Laetisaria fuciformis—red thread	Lower disease incidence and severity	ns	Meadow fescue types	[393]
Microdochim bolleyi	No effect		Ryegrass and fescue types	[392]
Phaeosphaeria—leaf spot	No effect		Meadow fescue types	[394]
Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola	No effect		Fescue types	[395]
Puccinia spp.	No effect		E. uncinatum	[396]
Pyrenophora semeniperda—leaf spot	Reduced disease symptoms in planta	ns	Ryegrass types	[397]
Rhizoctonia blight	No effect		Fescue types	[398]
Rhizoctonia zeae	Reduced disease symptoms in planta	Phenolic compounds	Fescue types	[399]
	Reduced hyphal growth	ns	E. uncinatum	[373]
R. solani	Reduced incidence of infection	ns	Fescue types	[386]
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa—Dollar spot disease	Lower disease incidence and severity	Antifungal protein	Meadow fescue types	[400,401]
Typhula ishikariensis—snow mold	Increased susceptibility	ns	Meadow fescue types	[402]
Ustilago bullata—head smut	Suppressed infection	ns	E. tembladerae	[403]

* ns = not specified.