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. 2020 Dec 7;20:586. doi: 10.1186/s12935-020-01687-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — STAT3 signaling is critical for M2 macrophage-induced EMT in ICC cells. a IF staining for STAT3 in HuCCT1 and Huh28 cells cocultured with THP-1-derived M2 macrophages. The green color represents STAT3 staining, and the blue signal represents DAPI-stained nuclei. b Western blotting analyses of STAT3 and p-STAT3 expression in ICC cells cocultured with M2 macrophages treated with IL-10 and its neutralizing antibody. c IF staining for EMT markers in HuCCT1 cells cocultured with M2 macrophages after treatment with STAT3 inhibitor (S3I-201). d The left panel shows EMT marker expression in HuCCT1 cells after treatment with S3I-201, as determined by qRT-PCR, and the right panel shows the changes in p-STAT3 and EMT markers (E-cadherin and vimentin). e A schematic model describing the mechanism investigated in the present study in which ICC induces M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages, and IL-10 secreted by M2 macrophages promotes tumor growth, invasiveness and EMT via STAT3 signaling. The data are presented as the mean ± SD; *p < 0.05. Bar = 1 mm