Table 1.
Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births), 5 year periods preceding the survey and unadjusted odds ratio by explanatory variables (n = 7782, weighted)
| Determinants | Frequency (n) |
Percentage (%) |
Under-five mortality rate [95% CI] | UOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | ||||
| Betha | 299 | 3.8 | 121 [84–158] | 2.62* (1.14–6.01) |
| Borkou/Tibesti | 30 | 0.4 | 99 [59–139] | 3.85** (1.68–8.79) |
| FChari baguirmi | 395 | 5.1 | 171 [140–203] | 3.69*** (1.74–7.80) |
| Guera | 468 | 6.0 | 113 [79–147] | 1.53 (0.65–3.62) |
| Hadjer-lamis | 622 | 8.0 | 103 [88–178] | 2.91** (1.35–6.23) |
| Kanem | 320 | 4.1 | 86 [56–116] | 1.75 (0.76–4.00) |
| Lac | 417 | 5.4 | 101 [80–122] | 1.93 (0.85–4.39) |
| Logone occidental | 462 | 5.9 | 179 [159–198] | 2.38* (1.06–5.37) |
| Lagone oriental | 704 | 9.1 | 187 [151–223] | 3.67*** (1.70–7.91) |
| Mandoul | 539 | 6.9 | 131 [109–153] | 2.47* (1.11–5.49) |
| Mayo kebbi est | 612 | 7.9 | 143 [115–171] | 1.92 (0.85–4.32) |
| Mayo kebbi oust | 445 | 5.7 | 123 [96–151] | 0.91 (0.36–2.25) |
| Moyen chari | 388 | 5.0 | 139 [111–168] | 2.30* (1.00–5.28) |
| Ouaddai | 435 | 5.6 | 101 [73–130] | 1.89 (0.81–4.42) |
| Salamat | 163 | 2.1 | 133 [104–161] | 1.00 (0.38–2.62) |
| Tandjile | 541 | 6.9 | 171 [144–200] | 2.90** (1.34–6.30) |
| Wadi fira | 218 | 2.8 | 53 [40–66] | 1 |
| N’djamena | 441 | 5.7 | 133 [107–160] | 2.43* (1.10–5.34) |
| Barh el gazel | 106 | 1.4 | 67 [48–86] | 1.23 (0.49–3.06) |
| Ennedi | 35 | 0.5 | 91 [61–120] | 1.68 (0.69–4.10) |
| Sila | 142 | 1.8 | 84 [60–109] | 2.06 (0.87–4.89) |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 1439 | 18.5 | 132 [112–152] | 1 |
| Rural | 6343 | 81.5 | 133 [124–142] | 0.78 (0.61–1.00) |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1584 | 20.4 | 137 [116–155] | 1.35 (0.97–1.88) |
| Poorer | 1713 | 22.0 | 144 [128–160] | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) |
| Middle | 1629 | 20.9 | 122 [107–137] | 0.92 (0.65–1.30) |
| Richer | 1597 | 20.5 | 121 [108–135] | 1 |
| Richest | 1260 | 16.2 | 123 [110–149] | 1.50* (1.08–2.09) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Gorane | 109 | 1.4 | 90 [69–110] | 3.89* (1.20–12.66) |
| Arab | 463 | 6.0 | 104 [82–125] | 3.29* (1.00–10.83) |
| Baguirmi/Barma | 833 | 10.7 | 232 [151–313] | 11.28*** (3.02–42.07) |
| Kanembou/Bornou | 80 | 1.0 | 112 [92–132] | 3.82* (1.17–12.48) |
| Boulala/Medego | 781 | 10.0 | 133 [97–169] | 4.67* (1.32–16.61) |
| Ouadai/Maba | 275 | 3.5 | 106 [82–131] | 2.86 (0.85–9.67) |
| Zaghawa/Bideyat | 631 | 8.1 | 56 [27–85] | 1 |
| Dadajo/Kibet | 75 | 1.0 | 134 [103–166] | 4.66* (1.36–16.00) |
| Bidio/Migami | 212 | 2.7 | 138 [107–170] | 4.29* (1.16–18.80) |
| Mounding | 218 | 2.8 | 77 [56–97] | 1.14 (0.23–5.73) |
| Massa/Mousseye | 203 | 2.6 | 140 [101–178] | 4.03* (1.15–14.19) |
| Toupouri/Kera | 403 | 5.2 | 112 [76–148] | 1.24 (0.20–7.50) |
| Sara | 179 | 2.3 | 162 [143–181] | 5.42** (1.70–17.26) |
| Peul/Foulbe | 2169 | 27.9 | 143 [113–175] | 6.20*** (1.76–21.88) |
| Tema/Assongori | 195 | 2.5 | 63 [34–91] | 2.74 (0.68–11.12) |
| Gabri/Kabalaye | 123 | 1.6 | 184 [127–242] | 7.40** (1.92–28.52) |
| Marba/Lele | 362 | 4.6 | 148 [98–198] | 4.03* (1.12–14.47) |
| Mesmedje/massalat | 66 | 0.9 | 94 [24–164] | 5.88* (1.28–27.02) |
| Karo/Xime | 116 | 1.5 | 186 [135–236] | 2.61 (0.58–11.86) |
| Achit/banda/kim | 289 | 3.7 | 141 [111–170] | 3.53 (0.98–12.65) |
| Religion | ||||
| Christianity | 3307 | 42.5 | 157 [141–172] | 1.26* (1.01–1.57) |
| Islam | 4208 | 54.1 | 113 [102–123] | 1 |
| Others | 268 | 3.4 | 124 [92–155] | 0.64 (0.30–1.38) |
| Educational level of mother | ||||
| No education | 5137 | 66.0 | 124 [114–134] | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) |
| Primary | 1777 | 22.8 | 159 [135–182] | 1.44 (0.92–2.25) |
| Secondary /Higher | 868 | 11.2 | 111 [86–135] | 1 |
| Educational level of partner | ||||
| No education | 4494 | 57.7 | 124 [112–137] | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) |
| Primary | 1514 | 13.5 | 156 [140–172] | 0.98 (0.69–1.38) |
| Secondary /Higher | 1774 | 22.8 | 126 [108–144] | 1 |
| Mother’s occupation | ||||
| Not working | 3733 | 48.0 | 117 [104–129] | 1.50 (0.21–11.05) |
| Official | 50 | 0.6 | 107 [8–205] | 1 |
| Sales and services | 2624 | 33.7 | 154 [141–167] | 2.04 (0.28–15.01) |
| Agricultural | 1271 | 16.3 | 126 [107–145] | 1.44 (0.19–10.75) |
| Manual | 104 | 1.3 | 108 [50–166] | 2.67 (0.32–22.01) |
| Partner's occupation | ||||
| Official | 455 | 5.8 | 94 [68–121] | 1 |
| Sales and services | 1645 | 21.1 | 117 [102–132] | 1.11 (0.67–1.84) |
| Agricultural | 4942 | 63.5 | 135 [125–147] | 0.98 (0.61–1.59) |
| Manual | 740 | 9.5 | 152 [129–176] | 1.31 (0.75–2.30) |
| Size of child at birth | ||||
| Very large | 1605 | 20.6 | 110 [87–133] | 1 |
| Larger than average | 2182 | 28.1 | 128 [112–144] | 1.04 (0.75–1.45) |
| Average | 2045 | 26.3 | 135 [116–154] | 1.04 (0.75–1.44) |
| Smaller than average | 959 | 12.3 | 134 [115–165] | 1.04 (0.70–1.53) |
| Very small | 990 | 12.7 | 160 [120–200] | 1.06 (0.73–1.53) |
| Sex of the child | ||||
| Male | 3974 | 51.1 | 140 [130–150] | 1.32* (1.07–1.64) |
| Female | 3808 | 48.9 | 120 [112–128] | 1 |
| Birth rank and birth interval | ||||
| First birth rank | 1180 | 15.1 | 134 [117–151] | 1.64** (1.18–2.28) |
| 2–3 birth rank & = < 2 years of birth interval | 693 | 8.9 | 141 [123–160] | 1.18 (0.77–1.79) |
| > = 4 birth rank & > 2 years of birth interval | 4050 | 52.1 | 102 [91–113] | 1.11 (0.84–1.46) |
| > = 4 birth rank & = < 2 years of birth interval | 1859 | 23.9 | 110 [95–125] | 1 |
| Age of mother at childbirth | ||||
| < 20 years | 5784 | 74.3 | 133 [125–141] | 1.17 (0.92–1.50) |
| More than 20 years | 1998 | 25.7 | 122 [108–137] | 1 |
| Antenatal care visit | ||||
| No | 2875 | 36.9 | 120 [85–154] | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) |
| Yes | 4907 | 63.1 | 91 [74–107] | 1 |
| Place of delivery | ||||
| Home | 6056 | 77.8 | 132 [119–144] | 1 |
| Health facility | 1726 | 22.2 | 127 [104–149] | 1.38* (1.08–1.76) |
| Delivery assistance | ||||
| By TBA/Others | 4887 | 62.8 | 129 [120–138] | 0.71** (0.57–0.87) |
| By SBA/Health professional | 2895 | 37.2 | 131 [114–149] | 1 |
| National total | 7782 | – | 130 [122–138] | |
Source: Authors’ computation from the 2014–15 Chad DHS data
COR crude Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, TBA Traditional birth attendants, SBA Skilled birth attendants
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001