Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression results for determinants of under-five mortality in the 5 years preceding the survey-adjusted odds ratio
| Determinants | Model I | Model II | Model III | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | ||||
| Region | |||||||||
| Betha | 2.64* | 1.15 | 6.06 | 1.89 | 0.60 | 6.01 | 1.84 | 0.58 | 5.82 |
| Borkou/Tibesti | 3.50** | 1.54 | 7.97 | 2.61 | 0.75 | 9.01 | 2.46 | 0.71 | 8.53 |
| FChari baguirmi | 3.83** | 1.81 | 8.14 | 2.19 | 0.72 | 6.67 | 2.04 | 0.67 | 6.25 |
| Guera | 1.49 | 0.63 | 3.53 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 1.94 | 0.57 | 0.17 | 1.94 |
| Hadjer-lamis | 2.93* | 1.36 | 6.29 | 2.23 | 0.74 | 6.72 | 2.24 | 0.74 | 6.78 |
| Kanem | 1.77 | 0.77 | 4.05 | 1.35 | 0.39 | 4.63 | 1.32 | 0.39 | 4.76 |
| Lac | 1.96 | 0.86 | 4.46 | 1.39 | 0.39 | 4.94 | 0.83 | 0.24 | 2.84 |
| Logone occidental | 2.36* | 1.05 | 5.31 | 0.86 | 0.25 | 2.91 | 1.35 | 0.38 | 4.76 |
| Lagone oriental | 3.70*** | 1.71 | 7.98 | 1.39 | 0.42 | 4.53 | 0.84 | 0.24 | 2.83 |
| Mandoul | 2.50* | 1.12 | 5.56 | 0.90 | 0.27 | 3.03 | 1.45 | 0.39 | 5.48 |
| Mayo kebbi est | 1.93 | 0.86 | 4.35 | 1.56 | 0.42 | 5.77 | 1.45 | 0.39 | 5.48 |
| Mayo kebbi oust | 0.92 | 0.37 | 2.28 | 0.54 | 0.14 | 2.07 | 0.51 | 0.13 | 1.99 |
| Moyen chari | 2.28 | 0.99 | 5.23 | 0.89 | 0.26 | 3.07 | 0.88 | 0.25 | 3.03 |
| Ouaddai | 1.86 | 0.80 | 4.35 | 1.47 | 0.53 | 4.10 | 1.40 | 0.50 | 3.96 |
| Salamat | 0.96 | 0.37 | 2.53 | 0.55 | 0.16 | 1.87 | 0.54 | 0.16 | 1.84 |
| Tandjile | 2.94** | 1.36 | 6.40 | 1.26 | 0.35 | 4.50 | 1.21 | 0.34 | 4.36 |
| Wadi fira | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| N’djamena | 1.87 | 0.83 | 4.22 | 1.05 | 0.34 | 3.19 | 0.96 | 0.31 | 2.93 |
| Barh el gazel | 1.26 | 0.50 | 3.13 | 0.96 | 0.26 | 3.50 | 0.94 | 0.26 | 3.42 |
| Ennedi | 1.64 | 0.67 | 4.00 | 1.65 | 0.50 | 5.41 | 1.53 | 0.47 | 4.96 |
| Sila | 2.04 | 0.86 | 4.84 | 1.02 | 0.33 | 3.16 | 1.01 | 0.32 | 3.15 |
| Place of residence | |||||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Rural | 0.73* | 0.55 | 0.97 | 0.85 | 0.58 | 1.25 | 0.88 | 0.59 | 1.31 |
| Wealth index | |||||||||
| Poorest | 1.25 | 0.88 | 1.79 | 1.25 | 0.87 | 1.80 | |||
| Poorer | 1.14 | 0.80 | 1.61 | 1.11 | 0.78 | 1.60 | |||
| Middle | 0.92 | 0.64 | 1.31 | 0.93 | 0.65 | 1.32 | |||
| Richer | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Richest | 1.50 | 0.97 | 2.33 | 1.47 | 0.94 | 2.29 | |||
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Gorane | 3.29 | 0.89 | 12.12 | 3.36 | 0.91 | 12.35 | |||
| Arab | 2.82 | 0.71 | 11.16 | 2.67 | 0.68 | 10.50 | |||
| Baguirmi/Barma | 8.04** | 1.75 | 36.99 | 8.95** | 1.96 | 40.90 | |||
| Kanembou/Bornou | 3.54 | 0.89 | 14.03 | 3.55 | 0.90 | 14.01 | |||
| Boulala/Medego | 3.46 | 0.80 | 14.95 | 3.49 | 0.82 | 14.48 | |||
| Ouadai/Maba | 2.69 | 0.69 | 10.44 | 2.73 | 0.71 | 10.57 | |||
| Zaghawa/Bideyat | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Dadajo/Kibet | 6.81** | 1.62 | 28.70 | 6.96** | 1.67 | 29.01 | |||
| Bidio/Migami | 7.28* | 1.58 | 33.65 | 7.42** | 1.63 | 33.81 | |||
| Mounding | 2.29 | 0.33 | 16.08 | 2.56 | 0.37 | 18.00 | |||
| Massa/Mousseye | 2.78 | 0.60 | 12.83 | 3.07 | 0.66 | 14.18 | |||
| Toupouri/Kera | 0.87 | 0.11 | 6.79 | 1.00 | 0.13 | 7.88 | |||
| Sara | 4.99* | 1.07 | 23.26 | 5.23* | 1.13 | 24.16 | |||
| Peul/Foulbe | 5.43* | 1.26 | 23.45 | 5.44* | 1.27 | 23.25 | |||
| Tema/Assongori | 3.25 | 0.69 | 15.31 | 3.22 | 0.69 | 14.99 | |||
| Gabri/Kabalaye | 5.57 | 0.99 | 31.39 | 6.15* | 1.10 | 34.33 | |||
| Marba/Lele | 3.43 | 0.65 | 18.24 | 3.69 | 0.69 | 19.61 | |||
| Mesmedje/massalat | 5.13 | 0.94 | 28.07 | 5.35 | 0.97 | 29.47 | |||
| Karo/xime | 4.02 | 0.63 | 25.53 | 4.68 | 0.73 | 30.18 | |||
| Achit/banda/kim | 3.26 | 0.75 | 14.10 | 3.36 | 0.79 | 14.40 | |||
| Religion | |||||||||
| Christianity | 1.37 | 0.72 | 2.61 | 1.20 | 0.73 | 2.71 | |||
| Islam | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Others | 1.30 | 0.49 | 3.44 | 1.30 | 0.47 | 3.58 | |||
| Mother’s educational level | |||||||||
| No education | 1.72* | 1.06 | 2.77 | 1.89* | 1.16 | 3.10 | |||
| Primary | 1.55 | 0.97 | 2.48 | 1.70* | 1.06 | 2.74 | |||
| Secondary/Higher | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Partner's educational level | |||||||||
| No education | 0.94 | 0.66 | 1.34 | 0.98 | 0.68 | 1.40 | |||
| Primary | 0.89 | 0.61 | 1.29 | 0.93 | 0.63 | 1.35 | |||
| Secondary/Higher | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Mother's Occupation | |||||||||
| Not working | 1.28 | 0.17 | 9.45 | 1.22 | 0.16 | 9.24 | |||
| Official | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Sales and services | 1.59 | 0.21 | 11.87 | 1.57 | 0.21 | 12.00 | |||
| Agricultural | 1.46 | 0.20 | 11.00 | 1.44 | 0.19 | 11.08 | |||
| Manual | 2.57 | 0.30 | 21.86 | 2.29 | 0.26 | 19.91 | |||
| Partner's occupation | |||||||||
| Official | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Sales and services | 1.15 | 0.67 | 1.96 | 1.09 | 0.63 | 1.86 | |||
| Agricultural | 1.02 | 0.60 | 1.73 | 0.97 | 0.57 | 1.67 | |||
| Manual | 1.21 | 0.67 | 2.17 | 1.11 | 0.62 | 1.99 | |||
| Sex of the child | |||||||||
| Male | 1.03* | 1.05 | 1.63 | ||||||
| Female | 1 | ||||||||
| Size of the child at birth | |||||||||
| Very large | 1 | ||||||||
| Larger than average | 1.11 | 0.79 | 1.56 | ||||||
| Average | 1.24 | 0.88 | 1.75 | ||||||
| Smaller than average | 1.22 | 0.81 | 1.85 | ||||||
| Very small | 1.22 | 0.81 | 1.85 | ||||||
| Birth rank and birth interval | |||||||||
| First birth rank | 1.58** | 1.13 | 2.21 | ||||||
| 2–3 birth rank & = < 2 years of birth interval | 1.16 | 0.76 | 1.77 | ||||||
| > = 4 birth rank & > 2 years of birth interval | 1.06 | 0.80 | 1.41 | ||||||
| > = 4 birth rank & = < 2 years of birth interval | 1 | ||||||||
| Age of mother at childbirth | |||||||||
| < 20 years | 1.13 | 0.87 | 1.45 | ||||||
| More than 20 years | 1 | ||||||||
| Antenatal care visit | |||||||||
| No | 1.22 | 0.93 | 1.60 | ||||||
| Yes | 1 | ||||||||
| Place of delivery | |||||||||
| Home | 1 | ||||||||
| Health facility | 1.15 | 0.79 | 1.67 | ||||||
| Delivery assistance | |||||||||
| By TBA/Others | 0.76 | 0.55 | 1.05 | ||||||
| By SBA/Health professional | 1 | ||||||||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.020 | 0.036 | 0.045 | ||||||
Source: Authors’ computation from the 2014–15 Chad DHS data
AOR adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, TBA Traditional birth attendants, SBA Skilled birth attendants
Model I adjusted for distal factors
Model II adjusted for distal and intermediate factors
Model III adjusted for distal, intermediate and proximate factors