Table 2.
Comparison of studies examining pesticides in breastmilk from India (2006–2018)
| Reference, location of study | Samples analyzed (n) | Sample type & [range] detected |
LODs, LOQs, ADIs | Extraction protocol, matrix volume & analytical method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kumar, Dayal, Shukla, Singh, Joseph, 2006 [45] Agra, India |
32 |
Breastmilk: DDTs: 0.17–0.179 mg/kg HCH: 0.123–0.131 mg/kg |
LODs: 0.001 μg/mL LOQs: 0.01 μg/mL |
USEPA method (1980) [46] and Ejobi et al., 1996 [47] 20 mL milk GC-ECD |
|
Kumar, Baroth, Soni, Bhatnagar & John, 2006 [17] Rajasthan, India |
50 |
Breastmilk: Rural: 5.0625 mg/L Urban: 3.243 mg/L Blood: Rural: 4.608 mg/L Urban: 3.777 mg/L |
Not reported |
Takei et al., 1983 (milk) [48] Bush et al., 1984 (blood) [49] GC-ECD |
|
Devanathan et al., 2009 [50] New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai |
64 |
Breastmilk: DDT: 47–1200 ng/g lw HCH: 6.3–1900 ng/g lw |
Not reported |
Kuniseu et al., (2004) [51] 10 g milk GC-ECD |
|
Mishra & Sharma, 2011 [52] Assam, India |
205 |
Breastmilk: ΣDDT: 2870 ± 1570, 3210 ± 2080 ng/g lw ΣHCH: 2330 ± 1160, 2720 ± 2140 ng/g lw |
LOD: 0.001 ng/g LOQ: DDT: 0.01–0.2 ng/g lw HCH: 0.02–0.3 ng/g lw ADIs: DDT: 16–18 μg/kg bw/day HCHs: 13–15 μg/kg bw/day |
Dua et al., (1997) [53] GC-ECD |
|
Maurya, Kumar Joseph, 2013 [54] Uttar Pradesh, India |
10 |
Breastmilk: ΣDDT: 158 ng/mL |
LOD: 0.001 μg/mL LOQ:0.01 μg/mL |
Ejobi et al., 1996 [47] 5 mL LC-ECD |
|
Bedi, Gill, Aulakh, Kaur, Sharma & Pooni, 2013 [29] Punjab, India |
53 |
Breastmilk: ΣDDT: 1914.2 ng/g lw (63% DDE) ΣHCH: 199.6 ng/g lw |
LOD: 1 ng/g on whole milk basis |
Battu et al., (2004) [55] 5 mL GC-ECD Confirmed with GC-MS |
|
Sharma, Gill, Bedi & Pooni, 2014 [30] Punjab, India |
127 |
Breastmilk: DDE: ND – 43.19 ng/g (9 > PTDI) HCH: ND – 133.88 ng/g (11 > PTDI) |
LOD: 1 ng/g on whole milk |
Battu et al., (2004) [55] 5 g milk GC-ECD Confirmed with GC-MS |
|
Sharma, Sharma, Chandel, & Wise, 2016 [56] Himachal Pradesh |
153 |
Breastmilk: DDE: BDL – 0.064 mg/L DDT: BDL – 0.018 mg/L Mean ΣDDT: 0.145 mg/kg fat (n = 27% +) Mean DDE: 0.138 mg/kg fat (n = 27% +) Mean DDT: 0.005 mg/kg fat (n = 1.31% +) |
LOQ: 0.005–0.001 mg/kg |
QuEChERS method developed 10 mL milk GC-ECD Confirmed with GC-MS (SRM) |
|
Bawa et al., 2018 [31] Bathinda, Ludiana, Punjab |
150 |
Breastmilk: DDT: 415.3–519.2 ng/g lw ΣDDTs: 519.2 ± 1017.4 ng/g (ND – 4583.1) 415.3 ± 846.32 ng/g (ND – 3212.5) |
LOD: 8–20 ng/g |
Battu et al., (2004) [55] 10 mL milk GC-ECD Confirmed with GC-MS |