Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population (189 mother-newborn pairs)
| Characteristic | N (%) | Mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|
| Newborns | ||
| Sex | ||
| Male | 98 (51.9) | |
| Female | 91 (48.1) | |
| Ethnicity | ||
| European | 170 (89.9) | |
| Non-European | 19 (10.1) | |
| Season of birth | ||
| Winter | 42 (22.2) | |
| Spring | 82 (43.4) | |
| Summer | 26 (13.8) | |
| Autumn | 39 (20.6) | |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.40 ± 0.48 | |
| Ponderal index (g/cm3) | 2.69 ± 0.22 | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.1 ± 1.6 | |
| < 37 | 14 (7.4) | |
| 37 | 6 (3.2) | |
| 38 | 26 (13.8) | |
| 39 | 46 (24.3) | |
| 40 | 72 (38.1) | |
| 41 | 25 (13.2) | |
| Date of birth (days) | 207 ± 102 | |
| Mothers | ||
| Educational level | ||
| Low | 27 (14.3) | |
| Middle | 65 (34.4) | |
| High | 97 (51.3) | |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never smoker | 122 (64.6) | |
| Former smoker | 41 (21.7) | |
| Smoker | 26 (13.8) | |
| Parity | ||
| Primiparous | 104 (55.0) | |
| Secundiparous | 59 (31.2) | |
| Multiparous | 26 (13.8) | |
| With pregnancy complications | 40 (21.2) | |
| Age (years) | 29.3 ± 4.3 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 4.2 | |