Table 1.
Descriptive and diagnostic statistics for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) groups
| Variable | TD (n = 99) | ADHD (n = 160) | F / χ2 | ηp2< / Cramer’s V < |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 9.08 (1.93) | 8.78 (1.74) | 1.63 | 0.01 |
| Gender (% male) | 56.57 | 78.75 | 14.41*** | 0.24 |
| Ethnicity (% Hispanic or Latino) | 86.81 | 89.74 | 0.49 | 0.05 |
| WASI-II FSIQ, mean (SD) | 100.21 (12.69) | 97.01 (12.82) | 3.59 | 0.02 |
| Household Income, mean (SD) | 88,248.60 (50,231.79) | 63,978.36 (63,978.36) | 5.54* | 0.03 |
| Previously received Medication for behavior, emotional or psychiatric problems (% received) | – | 71.25 | – | – |
| Parent Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale | ||||
| Inattention Symptoms | 0.36 (0.42) | 2.07 (0.64) | 517.45*** | 0.68 |
| Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms | 0.29 (0.31) | 1.78 (1.00) | 399.71*** | 0.62 |
| Total ADHD Symptoms | 0.33 (0.31) | 1.93 (0.67) | 618.60*** | 0.72 |
| CD Symptoms | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.20 (0.20) | 71.89*** | 0.23 |
| ODD Symptoms | 0.21 (0.30) | 1.25 (0.68) | 191.03*** | 0.44 |
| Teacher Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale | ||||
| Inattention Symptoms | – | 2.14 (0.72) | – | – |
| Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Symptoms | – | 1.77 (0.85) | – | – |
| Total ADHD Symptoms | – | 1.95 (0.66) | – | – |
| CD Symptoms | – | 1.91 (0.78) | – | – |
| ODD Symptoms | – | 1.20 (0.89) | – | – |
| Comorbid Disorders (% Diagnosis) | ||||
| Anxiety | 7.53 | 14.47 | 2.69 | 0.11 |
| CD | 0 | 8.75 | 9.16** | 0.19 |
| ODD | 2.02 | 64.38 | 98.65*** | 0.62 |
***
indicates p < 0.001;
**
indicates p < 0.01;
*
indicates p < 0.05;
% = percentage; SD = Standard Deviation; WASI-II = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-Second Edition; FSIQ = Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (estimated); ODD = Oppositional Defiant Disorder; CD = Conduct Disorder; Missing data handled via listwise deletion