Table 3.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; ms2), pre-ejection period (PEP; ms), and electrodermal activity (EDA; μS) in task epochs for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) groups
| Variable (mean, SD) | TD (n = 99) | ADHD (n = 160) | F(1, 255) | ηp2< |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline Physiology Data | ||||
| Rest Baseline | ||||
| RSA | 6.85, 1.10 | 6.27, 1.24 | 18.53*** | 0.07 |
| PEP | 98.36, 13.91 | 96.40, 11.57 | 2.62 | 0.01 |
| EDA | 5.09, 3.39 | 3.89, 3.03 | 8.04** | 0.03 |
| Picture Baseline 1 | ||||
| RSA | 6.73, 0.95 | 6.18, 1.28 | 18.90*** | 0.08 |
| PEP | 98.60, 14.92 | 97.77, 12.19 | 0.44 | 0.01 |
| EDA | 6.37, 3.51 | 5.62, 3.31 | 4.59* | 0.02 |
| Picture Baseline 2 | ||||
| RSA | 6.71, 0.98 | 6.07, 1.25 | 19.28*** | 0.07 |
| PEP | 98.84, 14.23 | 97.07, 11.62 | 3.22 | 0.02 |
| EDA | 7.51, 3.07 | 6.94, 3.15 | 1.93 | 0.01 |
| Task Physiological Data | ||||
| Negative Induction | ||||
| RSA | 6.81, 0.99 | 6.41, 1.16 | 12.09** | 0.05 |
| PEP | 99.05, 13.55 | 97.10, 13.26 | 4.06* | 0.02 |
| EDA | 6.76, 3.29 | 6.55, 3.10 | 1.33 | 0.01 |
| Negative Suppression | ||||
| RSA | 6.92, 1.00 | 6.53, 1.21 | 9.57** | 0.04 |
| PEP | 99.05, 13.49 | 96.92, 13.62 | 3.56 | 0.02 |
| EDA | 7.09, 2.99 | 6.88, 3.04 | 0.44 | 0.01 |
| Positive Induction | ||||
| RSA | 6.69, 1.02 | 6.41, 1.21 | 8.12** | 0.06 |
| PEP | 99.27, 13.98 | 98.40, 12.60 | 3.48 | 0.01 |
| EDA | 7.41, 2.99 | 7.14, 2.97 | 0.63 | 0.01 |
| Positive Suppression | ||||
| RSA | 6.85, 0.96 | 6.54, 1.19 | 6.55** | 0.03 |
| PEP | 99.44, 13.21 | 97.58, 12.99 | 3.36 | 0.01 |
| EDA | 7.48, 2.96 | 7.32, 2.94 | 0.52 | 0.01 |
| Physiology Change Scores | ||||
| Negative Induction | ||||
| RSA | 0.10, 0.61 | 0.24, 0.64 | 3.87* | 0.02 |
| PEP | 0.35, 8.03 | −0.66, 8.75 | 4.45* | 0.02 |
| EDA | 0.40, 1.59 | 0.93, 1.88 | 3.92* | 0.02 |
| Negative Suppression | ||||
| RSA | 0.19, 0.65 | 0.36, 0.72 | 5.07* | 0.02 |
| PEP | 0.58, 6.64 | −0.77, 9.15 | 4.30* | 0.02 |
| EDA | 0.75, 1.78 | 1.26, 2.26 | 5.84* | 0.03 |
| Positive Induction | ||||
| RSA | 0.04, 0.72 | 0.43, 0.79 | 7.00** | 0.03 |
| PEP | −0.31, 5.80 | 1.20, 10.53 | 0.18 | 0.01 |
| EDA | −0.07, 1.42 | 0.24, 1.65 | 2.04 | 0.01 |
| Positive Suppression | ||||
| RSA | 0.14, 0.64 | 0.47, 0.73 | 10.22** | 0.05 |
| PEP | 0.62, 7.21 | 0.34, 11.72 | 0.19 | 0.01 |
| EDA | −0.01, 1.50 | 0.42, 1.72 | 2.36 | 0.01 |
***
indicates p < 0.001;
**
indicates p < 0.01;
*
indicates p < 0.05;
SD = Standard Deviation; Covariates include youth’s biological sex and comorbidity (i.e., anxiety, CD, and ODD); Missing data handled via multiple imputation