Table 1.

Summary of markers commonly used to identify the various monocyte and macrophage subpopulations in different species

Marker name	Description	Commonly used for (human/mouse/rat)	Is used for	References
EMR1/F4/80	Epidermal growth factor-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1	h/m	Macrophages and granulocytes in human Pan macrophage lineage marker in mouse	[8, 105]
c-Myc	Cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene	m	Monocytes, M2 macrophages	[55]
CCR2±	C–C chemokine receptor type 2	h/m/r	Resident/non-resident macrophages	[10, 11]
TIMD4	T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 4	m	Resident macrophages	[28]
LYVE1	Lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor 1	m	Resident macrophages	[28]
CD11b/ITGAM/Mac-1	Cluster of differentiation 11b/Integrin alpha M/Macrophage-1 antigen	h/m/r	Monocytes, macrophages, NK cells and neutrophils	[70, 113]
CD14+	Cluster of differentiation 14 GPI anchored TLR4 co-receptor	h	Classical/inflammatory monocytes, macrophages	[11, 81, 87]
CD163	Cluster of differentiation 163	h/m/r	Anti-inflammatory monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils	[1, 29]
CD169	Cluster of differentiation 16/sialoadhesin	m/r	Monocytes, macrophages	[6, 29, 98, 112]
CD206/Arg1	Cluster of differentiation 206/Arginase 1	h/m	M2 macrophages	[109]
CD38	Cluster of differentiation 38	m	M1 macrophages	[55]
CD43high/low	Cluster of differentiation 43/Sialophorin/Leukosialin	r	Infiltrating/resident macrophages	[1]
CD64/FcrR1	Cluster of differentiation 64 Fc gamma receptor 1A	h/m/r	Monocytes, macrophages	[6, 11, 38, 98]
CD68	Cluster of differentiation 68/Macrosialin	h/m/r	Pan macrophage lineage marker	[20, 29, 46, 112]
Egr2	Early growth response protein 2	m	M2 macrophages	[55]
Fpr2	Formyl peptide receptor 2	m	M1 macrophages	[55]
Galectin 3/Mac-2	Galactose-specific lectin 3/Macrophage-2 antigen	h/m/r	Pan macrophage lineage marker	[85]
Gpr18	G-protein coupled receptor 18	m	M1 macrophages	[55]
iNOS/NOS2	Inducible nitric oxidase	h/m	M1 macrophages	[108]
Ly6C±	Protein domain of Ly6 complex locus C	m	Classical (pro-inflammatory)/non-classical (patrolling) monocytes	[39, 81, 111]
Mac-3	Macrophage-3 antigen	h/m/r	Pan macrophage lineage marker	[70]
MerTK	Myeloid-epithelial-reproductive tyrosine kinase	h/m/r	M2 macrophages, phagocytes	[38, 101]
CX3CR1	C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor	h/m	Non-classical monocyte derived macrophages	[79]
MHCII	Major histocompatibility complex class II	h/m/r	Define subgroups of resident macrophages dendritic cells, B cells	[79]
HLA-DR	Human homologue of MHC-II	h	Monocytic lineage	[11]