Table 2. Characteristics of enrolled patients and their correlation with progression of disease and mortality.
Skewedly distributed continuous variables are expressed as medians (interquartile range, IQR) and compared with Mann-Whitney U test; categorical variables are presented as n (%) and compared by the chi-square test.
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; CRF, chronic renal failure; SOB, shortness of breath; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; b/m, breaths per minute; HRCT, high resolution computed tomography; O2, oxygen; A-a gradient, alveolar to arterial oxygen gradient.
| Overall (n = 252) | Stable (n = 128) | Worsened (n = 124) | p-Value | Death (n = 49) | p-Value | |
| Age, years | 59 (50-70) | 56 (48-68) | 62 (53-72) | 0.005 | 70 (58-75) | 0.005 |
| Comorbidity | 180 (71.4) | 92 (71.9) | 88 (71) | 0.873 | 43 (87.8) | 0.005 |
| Diabetes | 55 (21.8) | 28 (21.9) | 27 (21.8) | 0.985 | 9 (18.4) | 0.514 |
| Hypertension | 59 (23.4) | 33 (25.8) | 26 (21) | 0.367 | 11 (22.4) | 0.859 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 42 (16.7) | 23 (18) | 19 (15.3) | 0.573 | 7 (14.3) | 0.618 |
| Asthma/COPD | 9 (3.6) | 5 (3.9) | 4 (3.2) | 0.771 | 4 (8.2) | 0.054 |
| CLD | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.4) | 0.077 | 2 (4) | 0.038 |
| CRF | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | 0.982 | 1 (2) | 0.273 |
| Fever | 191 (75.8) | 87 (68) | 104 (83.9) | 0.003 | 42 (85.7) | 0.071 |
| Cough | 197 (78.2) | 96 (75) | 101 (81.5) | 0.215 | 38 (77.6) | 0.906 |
| Dyspnea | 167 (66.3) | 66 (51.6) | 101 (81.5) | <0.001 | 43 (87.8) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte count, x109/L | 1.2 (0.7-1.5) | 1.3 (0.9-1.6) | 0.8 (0.7-1.3) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.7-1.1) | <0.001 |
| LDH, U/L | 440 (289-789) | 358 (231-554) | 592 (365-928) | <0.001 | 678 (440-1009) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, b/m | 20 (16-31) | 17 (13-21) | 30 (21-33) | <0.001 | 33 (31-36) | <0.001 |
| Resting O2 saturation, % | 92 (86-96) | 94 (92-97) | 88 (82-92) | <0.001 | 81 (79-85) | <0.001 |
| A-a gradient, mmHg | 39 (12-76) | 17 (9-39) | 69 (39-98) | <0.001 | 80 (48-107) | <0.001 |
| 10 feet O2 desaturation test, % | 6 (2-11) | 3 (1-7) | 9 (4-14) | <0.001 | 15 (9-16) | <0.001 |
| Initial disease category | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Mild with comorbidities | 16 (6.3) | 10 (7.8) | 6 (4.8) | 2 (4) | ||
| Moderate | 99 (39.3) | 81 (63.6) | 18 (14.5) | 4 (8.2) | ||
| Severe | 115 (45.6) | 37 (29) | 78 (62.9) | 21 (42.9) | ||
| Critical | 22 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 22 (17.7) | 22 (44.9) | ||
| HRCT chest findings | 0.074 | 0.331 | ||||
| Normal | 24 (9.5) | 18 (14) | 6 (4.8) | 2 (4) | ||
| Typical | 181 (71.8) | 86 (67.2) | 95 (76.6) | 35 (71.4) | ||
| Atypical | 23 (9.1) | 13 (10.2) | 10 (8) | 5 (10.2) | ||
| Mixed | 24 (9.5) | 11 (8.6) | 13 (10.5) | 7 (14.3) | ||
| Lung involvement | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Normal | 21 (8.3) | 17 (13.3) | 4 (3.2) | 1 (2) | ||
| <50% | 97 (38.5) | 72 (56.3) | 25 (20.2) | 10 (20.4) | ||
| >50% | 134 (53.2) | 39 (30.5) | 95 (76.6) | 38 (77.6) | ||
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤60 years | 130 (51.6) | 80 (62.5) | 50 (40.3) | 11 (22.4) | ||
| >60 years | 122 (48.4) | 48(37.5) | 74 (59.7) | 38 (77.6) | ||
| Lymphocyte count | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| >1.0 x 109/L | 143 (56.7) | 91 (71.1) | 52 (41.9) | 16 (32.7) | ||
| ≤1.0 x 109/L | 109 (43.3) | 37 (28.9) | 72 (58) | 33 (67.3) | ||
| LDH | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| ≤250 U/L | 49 (19.4) | 38 (29.7) | 11 (8.9) | 4 (8.2) | ||
| 250-500 U/L | 106 (42.1) | 57 (44.5) | 49 (39.5) | 15 (30.6) | ||
| >500 U/L | 97 (38.5) | 33 (25.8) | 64 (51.6) | 30 (61.2) | ||
| Respiratory rate | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤20 b/m | 126 (50) | 95 (74.2) | 31 (25) | 3 (6.1) | ||
| 21-25 b/m | 39 (15.5) | 21 (16.4) | 18 (14.5) | 3 (6.1) | ||
| 26-30 b/m | 21 (8.3) | 5 (3.9) | 16 (12.9) | 5 (10.2) | ||
| >30 b/m | 66 (26.2) | 7 (5.5) | 59 (47.6) | 38 (77.6) | ||
| Resting O2 saturation | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≥95% | 77 (30.6) | 63 (49.2) | 14 (11.3) | 1 (2) | ||
| 90-94% | 80 (31.7) | 48 (37.5) | 32 (25.8) | 7 (14.3) | ||
| <90% | 95 (37.7) | 17 (13.3) | 78 (62.9) | 41 (83.7) | ||
| A-a gradient | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Normal | 80 (31.7) | 67 (52.3) | 13 (10.5) | 0 | ||
| Elevated | 172 (68.3) | 61 (47.7) | 111 (89.5) | 49 (100) | ||
| 10 feet O2 desaturation test | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <3% | 79 (31.3) | 62 (48.4) | 17 (13.7) | 2 (4) | ||
| ≥3% | 173 (68.7) | 66 (51.6) | 107 (86.3) | 47 (96) | ||
| Days in hospital | 10 (7-12) | 8 (6-11) | 11 (9-13) | <0.001 | 10 (8-12) | 0.609 |