Table 1.

Growth Factors in Nanoparticles/Hydrogels/Scaffolds Used in Experimental Diabetic Wound Healing Studies

GFs	System	Results	Characteristic	References
IL-8 and MIP-3α	Gelatin hydrogels	Enhanced reepithelialization and increased collagen deposition.	Stable bioactivity; in situ cross-linking.	[50]
bFGF and NGF	Heparin-poloxamer hydrogel	Facilitating schwann cell proliferation, enhanced axonal regeneration and remyelination.	Good affinity; controlled GFs release.	[54]
VEGF and bFGF	PLGA nanoparticles	Induced complete re-epithelialization, with enhanced granulation tissue formation and collagen deposition.	Control release of multiple GFs.	[58]
VEGF, PDGF, bFGF and EGF	Col–HA–GN nanofibrous membrane	Elevated collagen deposition and enhanced maturation of vessels.	A stage-wise release pattern of multiple angiogenic factors.	[59]
pVEGF plasmids	HA hydrogels	Promoted wound closure and induced an enhanced angiogenic response.	Local gene delivery.	[56,70]
SDF-1	PPCN hydrogel	Exhibited accelerated granulation tissue production, epithelial maturation, and the highest density of perfused blood vessels.	Antioxidant thermoresponsive.	[55]
KGF	Elastin biopolymers	Increasing angiogenesis in the wound bed and accelerating healing.	Increasing GFs proteolytic resistance, thus improve their activity in vivo.	[71]
rh-aFGF	Carbomer hydrogel	Remarkable promotion of skin wound healing in diabetic rats with full-thickness injuries.	Good biostability.	[57]
PDGF	Sheath-core nanofibrous PLGA scaffolds	Sustainably released PDGF, vancomycin, and gentamicin for three weeks.	Biodegradable sheath-core nanofibers.	[60]
EGF	OHA and SCS hydrogels	Promotion of fibroblast proliferation and tissue internal structure integrity, as well as the deposition of collagen and myofibrils.	pH-responsive hydrogel.	[61]