Table 2.

Genes/Proteins/Peptides Used in Diabetic Wound Healing are Summarized. Most of the Genes are miRNA, and There are Both Natural and Synthetic Peptides

Gene/Proteins/Peptides	Carrier System	Function	References
siRNA	β-CD-(D3)7; nanometer-scale coatings.	Decreasing MMP-9 expression.	[78,79]
Keap1 siRNA	Lipoproteoplex delivers	Activate Nrf2-mediated endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, normalize the ROS imbalance.	[81]
miR-26a	PCN hydrogel	Offer the proregenerative wound microenvironment and proangiogenic miRNAs.	[77]
Plasmid DNA encoding VEGF	Ga-BDEs	Enhance sustained expression of VEGF.	[80]
Heparin mimetic peptide amphiphiles	Nanofibers	Enhance production and activity of major angiogenic growth factors (VEGF).	[84]
DMOG	PCL fiber meshes	Reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β,IL-6, and TNF-α), increasing anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β1 and IL-4) and GFs (IGF-1, HB-EGF, NGF, and bFGF), and promoting angiogenesis (CD-31 and VEGF-α).	[86]
K2(SL)6K2	MDP hydrogels	Allowing rapid cellular infiltration, and thus are ideal for tissue engineering strategies.	[91]
Proline	IKFQFHFD hydrogel	Eradicate MRSA biofilm.	[85]
Spider silk fusion proteins	Nanofibrous mats of AaSF	Efficient matrix remodelling of wounds.	[93]
Heparin or bemiparin	CS hydrogels	Improved diabetes-associated impaired wound healing.	[87]
Nucleic acids	tFNAs	Antioxidant activity via the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.	[88]
Integrin	Silk fibroin nanosheets	Regulate angiogenesis and promote diabetic ulcer healing.	[92]
Laminin mimetic peptide SIKVAV	CS hydrogels	Significantly promoted BMSCs adhesion and proliferation.	[89]
MMP‑9 inhibitor (R)‑ND-336	Linezolid	Inhibiting the detrimental MMP-9, mitigating macrophage infiltration to diminish inflammation	[90]