Fig. 4.

The influence of surface topography on cell morphology and biological behavior. (A–B): Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for inner lamellar structure of vascular graft; A: Inner lamellar structure fabricated by freeze-cast, with the lamellar 10 μm high, 200 nm thick, and the interval between lamellas was 20 μm; B: Inner non-lamellar structure fabricated by direct freeze-drying. (C): Cell behavior on graft surface; (a): Platelets adhesion. SEM figures showed that less platelets adhered on lamellar structure, and they were not activated; b: ECs elongation. ECs displayed elongated adherence along aligned surface of vascular graft and enhanced proliferation. (D): Optical figures and HE staining 3 months after implantation. Reproduced from Ref. [160], ACS NANO, ACS Publication @ 2019.