Table 2.
Nanoscale and microscale carriers for growth factor delivery.
| Carriers | Cargos | Sizes | Dosages | Results | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanoparticle | Chitosan/heparin NP | VEGF | 67–132 nm | 43, 113, or 237 ng/mL | Enhancing regeneration of decellularized tissue-engineered scaffolds | [170] |
| Microparticle | Alginate microbeads | FGF-1 | 140 μm | 600 ng | Rapid and persistent vascular response | [181] |
| Gelatin microspheres | FGF-2 | 40 μm | 30 mg | Improving mechanical properties and releasing FGF-2 | [182] | |
| Gelatin microparticles | VEGF | 75–125 μm | 0–100 ng/mL | Prolonging VEGF activity and increasing endothelialization | [183] | |
| Nanofibers | Electrospun PELCL/gelatin and PLGA/gelatin nanofibers | VEGF, PDGF | VEGF 0.59 ng/mg; PDGF 0.53 ng/mg |
PELCLC 568 nm; PLGA 940 nm | VEGF for EC proliferation, and PDGF for SMC proliferation | [180] |
| Self-assembly nanofibrous gel | VEGF, FGF-2 | 25 ng | / | Promoting the tube formation of ECs | [178] | |
Note: Poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone): PELCL; poly (l-lactide-co-glycolide): PLGA.