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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Gynecol Oncol. 2020 Sep 29;159(3):899–905. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.09.038

Table 1.

Recommendations for overcoming provider-related barriers to improve quality of care and health outcomes for members of the transgender community*.

Barrier Recommendation
Underutilization of cancer preventive services and screening among the transgender community Enhance community outreach efforts to develop relationships within this community, use of gender neutral pronouns and the invitation for patients to provide their own gender-affirming pronouns to increase clinical comfort, continue to promote cancer screening per general guidelines, increase research efforts towards home-based screening methods for alternative options (i.e. self-sampling for HPV testing) for those avoiding clinical examinations
Lack of training and education around gender and sexual minority health Integrate education surrounding this topic early in the medical education curriculum, implement continuing education on this topic among currently practicing providers (education relating to, but not limited to: terminology and pronoun use, hormonal and surgical therapies before, during, and after cancer care, individualized needs among this population)
Disparities in cancer-related distress and patient outcomes Recognize disparities in distress after a cancer diagnosis and potential unique needs for health resources among this community, and connect patients with providers specializing in these areas
Inconclusive evidence on level of risk for cancer incidence, as well as potential survival disparities Enhance studies on cancer surveillance among this community to identify cancer prevalence, risk and survival disparities to direct future efforts towards mitigating these risks and reducing potential negative outcomes
*

This list is not exhaustive but intended to provide insight on enhancing this area of care based on current evidence.