Table 1.

Sample Characteristics by Levels of Optimism, JHS (2000–2004)

	Total (N=3000)	Low Optimism (N=922) Score: 1–19	Moderate Optimism (N=1057) Score: 20–22	High Optimism (N=1021) Score: 23–24	P-value
Mean Age Years (± SD)	54.2 ± 12.8	56.6 ± 13.2	53.2 ± 12.6	53.1 ± 12.2	<0.001
% Male	36.4	33.8	37.1	38.0	0.14
% < High School Diploma	17.1	25.8	14.9	11.4	<0.001
% Alcohol in past 12 months	45.7	42.5	47.5	46.7	0.06
Mean Waist Circumference (± SD)	100.5 ± 16.4	102.3 ± 17.3	100.5 ± 16.3	99.0 ± 15.6	<0.001
% Non-Ideal Physical Activity	80.0	83.6	80.6	76.0	<0.001
% Non-Ideal Smoking	12.8	16.1	11.8	10.7	0.001
% Non-Ideal Blood Pressure	79.2	82.0	78.4	77.6	0.041
% Diabetic	20.2	24.1	18.1	18.9	0.002
% CVD History	9.2	11.3	8.0	8.6	0.034
Mean Depressive Symptoms Score (± SD)	10.8 ± 8.0	14.0 ± 9.4	10.3 ± 7.5	8.6 ± 6.5	<0.001
% CKD	19.0	24.4	16.9	16.2	<0.001

P values based on Chi Square and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests and Chi Square tests. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, CKD chronic kidney disease; CVD cardiovascular disease; SD standard deviation. Additional missing data for covariates include: education (n=5), alcohol intake (n=11), smoking status (n=35), physical activity (n=2), diabetes prevalence (n=30), hypertension prevalence (n=14), and depressive symptoms (n=949).