Table 1.

(a) Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and (b) Mean Surface Distance (MSD) between different network sizes of DenseUnet and PlainUnet on the test set. K is the growth rate of Densely Connected Block in DenseUnet, and f is the filter number of the first layer in PlainUnet. DenseUnet (k=32) runs faster than 100× larger PlainUnet (f=64) but still has comparable performance, showing the advanced densely connections help in overall performance. DenseUnet (k=48) gains the best performance while still maintains a fast run time. Best performances are highlighted in bold.

(a)
DenseUnet
	Liver	Pancreas	Right Kidney	Left Kidney	Stomach	Duodenum	Small Intestine	Spinal Cord	Vertebral Body	Spleen	Mean	Parameter Number	Runtime(s)
k24	0.956±0.013	0.791±0.082	0.947±0.006	0.941±0.013	0.868±0.048	0.686±0.083	0.780±0.135	0.873±0.028	0.834±0.037	0.931±0.030	0.861±0.084	1.55M	13.179
k32	0.955±0.011	0.772±0.107	0.939±0.012	0.941±0.011	0.871±0.052	0.696±0.093	0.789±0.105	0.884±0.019	0.887±0.018	0.936±0.021	0.867±0.083	2.74M	13.977
k48	0.960±0.009	0.828±0.074	0.940±0.009	0.951±0.008	0.889±0.046	0.732±0.076	0.790±0.103	0.866±0.028	0.889±0.017	0.934±0.018	0.878±0.071	6.12M	18.052
k64	0.959±0.012	0.799±0.086	0.952±0.008	0.950±0.009	0.889±0.046	0.708±0.091	0.796±0.107	0.886±0.024	0.882±0.026	0.929±0.025	0.875±0.079	10.83M	21.040
PlainUnet
f64	0.957±0.012	0.740±0.131	0.943±0.010	0.943±0.012	0.870±0.045	0.695±0.075	0.792±0.098	0.888±0.024	0.884±0.016	0.908±0.037	0.862±0.086	229M	15.903
f80	0.953±0.013	0.774±0.106	0.945±0.007	0.943±0.013	0.851±0.055	0.711±0.072	0.765±0.106	0.853±0.028	0.875±0.025	0.901±0.043	0.857±0.080	358M	30.623
f96	0.953±0.009	0.793±0.073	0.938±0.016	0.933±0.023	0.861±0.051	0.717±0.077	0.766±0.132	0.876±0.020	0.884±0.017	0.927±0.025	0.865±0.077	515M	38.859
(b)
DenseUnet
	Liver	Pancreas	Right Kidney	Left Kidney	Stomach	Duodenum	Small Intestine	Spinal Cord	Vertebral Body	Spleen	Mean	Parameter Number	Runtime (s)
k24	1.329±0.433	2.750±1.319	0.800±0.181	0.973±0.578	3.326±1.546	4.315±1.457	4.177±3.421	0.795±0.143	1.655±0.359	1.273±0.842	2.139±1.314	1.55M	13.179
k32	1.266±0.233	3.006±1.805	1.398±0.999	1.379±0.972	2.481±1.603	4.249±2.043	4.871±3.331	1.350±1.049	1.026±0.148	1.578±1.117	2.260±1.292	2.74M	13.977
k48	1.188±0.269	2.270±1.167	1.212±0.893	0.934±0.493	2.732±1.241	2.931±1.295	5.081±3.932	0.875±0.219	1.097±0.200	1.180±0.632	1.950±1.269	6.12M	18.052
k64	1.218±0.367	3.324±2.849	0.738±0.165	0.743±0.205	2.367±0.976	4.275±1.832	4.604±3.441	0.738±0.110	1.461±1.523	1.433±0.978	2.090±1.405	10.83M	21.040
PlainUnet
f64	1.318±0.367	2.664±1.395	1.212±0.796	1.121±0.669	2.799±1.100	4.352±2.010	4.760±2.888	0.811±0.264	1.089±0.219	1.666±1.042	2.179±1.346	229M	15.903
f80	1.459±0.376	2.603±1.201	1.069±0.584	1.332±0.962	3.070±1.225	3.708±1.607	5.161±3.245	0.977±0.184	1.257±0.271	2.041±1.487	2.268±1.300	358M	30.623
f96	1.470±0.283	2.792±1.307	2.576±1.865	1.822±1.263	3.130±0.941	4.332±1.767	5.122±4.012	1.211±0.488	1.743±1.340	1.667±0.859	2.586±1.228	515M	38.859