Table 2.

(a) Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and (b) Mean Surface Distance (MSD) (in units of mm) between different normalization methods (No Normalization [NoNorm], Batch Normalization [BN] in Train/Test mode, Instance Normalization [IN], and Layer Normalization [LN]) in DenseUnet (k=48) on the test set. “*” indicates significant difference (p < 0.05/8 = 6.25e-3 considering Bonferroni correction) when comparing each of the other scenarios to the NoNorm network. Without normalization, the network not only runs fastest but also obtains the best performance. Also, it is worth noting that using the training mode of BN during inference obtains a large performance improvement over using the testing mode of BN. We highlight the best performances in bold.

(a)
DenseUnet
	Liver	Pancreas	Right Kidney	Left Kidney	Stomach	Duodenum	Small Intestine	Spinal Cord	Vertebral Body	Spleen	Mean	P-value	Runtime (s)
NoNorm	0.961±0.008	0.860±0.042	0.954±0.006	0.952±0.009	0.907±0.024	0.766±0.066	0.839±0.085	0.898±0.021	0.886±0.015	0.944±0.013	0.897±0.059	-	8.307
BN_TrainMode	0.960±0.009	0.828±0.074	0.940±0.009	0.951±0.008	0.889±0.046	0.732±0.076	0.790±0.103	0.866±0.028	0.889±0.017	0.934±0.018	0.878±0.071*	5.336e-07	18.052
BN_TestMode	0.957±0.011	0.801±0.105	0.935±0.023	0.923±0.040	0.861±0.059	0.626±0.117	0.734±0.159	0.857±0.042	0.871±0.014	0.883±0.096	0.845±0.096*	1.451e-06	9.703
IN	0.960±0.009	0.826±0.068	0.944±0.007	0.948±0.010	0.888±0.042	0.726±0.078	0.782±0.116	0.851±0.039	0.874±0.028	0.935±0.023	0.874±0.074*	8.155e-06	13.216
LN	0.960±0.011	0.818±0.076	0.950±0.007	0.951±0.007	0.884±0.055	0.704±0.112	0.834±0.071	0.896±0.016	0.898±0.012	0.940±0.013	0.883±0.076*	7.014e-04	13.503
(b)
	Liver	Pancreas	Right Kidney	Left Kidney	Stomach	Duodenum	Small Intestine	Spinal Cord	Vertebral Body	Spleen	Mean	P-value	Runtime (s)
NoNorm	1.135±0.204	1.307±0.472	0.693±0.083	0.812±0.377	1.905±0.698	2.189±0.865	2.771±2.608	0.678±0.098	0.994±0.200	1.047±0.436	1.353±0.669	-	8.307
BN_TrainMode	1.188±0.269	2.270±1.167	1.212±0.893	0.934±0.493	2.732±1.241	2.931 ±1.295	5.081±3.932	0.875±0.219	1.097±0.200	1.180±0.632	1.950±1.269*	4.297e-07	18.052
BN_TestMode	1.370±0.290	2.265±1.153	1.006±0.449	1.058±0.572	3.420±2.691	4.192±2.462	3.890±2.526	0.933±0.254	1.211±0.340	2.129±2.216	2.147±1. 196*	1.951e-07	9.703
IN	1.211±0.263	2.946±1.734	1.262±1.104	1.003±0.586	2.808±1.612	3.773±1.640	5.743±4.552	0.905±0.211	1.656±1.208	1.276±0.788	2.258±1.485*	4.803e-06	13.216
LN	1.179±0.282	1.726±0.841	0.714±0.138	0.808±0.218	2.078±0.882	2.653±1.144	3.476±3.081	0.691±0.140	0.922±0.142	1.259±0.740	1.550±0.886*	2.853e-04	13.503